| 27871. |
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| 27872. |
- Carlberg, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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β-blockers in hypertension
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Hypertension. - : Saunders Elsevier. - 9781437727661 ; , s. 172-178
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 27873. |
- Carlborg, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Suicide in schizophrenia
- 2010
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Ingår i: Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1473-7175 .- 1744-8360. ; 10:7, s. 1153-64
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Schizophrenia is a disorder with an estimated suicide risk of 4-5%. Many factors are involved in the suicidal process, some of which are different from those in the general population. Clinical risk factors include attempted suicide, depression, male gender, substance abuse and hopelessness. Biosocial factors, such as a high intelligence quotient and high level of premorbid function, have also been associated with an increased risk of suicide in patients with schizophrenia. Suicide risk is especially high during the first year after diagnosis. Many of the suicides occur during hospital admission or soon after discharge. Management of suicide risk includes both medical treatment and psychosocial interventions. Still, risk factors are crude; efforts to predict individual suicides have not proved useful and more research is needed.
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| 27874. |
- Carlborg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of spent spinel-based refractory lining from a 3 MW black liquor gasifier
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Black liquor gasification is dependent on minimizing heat loss to the surroundings and thus needs to be well insulated. In combination with the high temperature and basic black liquor, a very corrosive environment is created on the hot face of such a reactor. Therefore the wall system is required to be chemically and thermally stable at the same time as it has insulating properties. These cannot easily be combined in the same material and therefore layers with different properties can be used in combination. Penetration of species through the lining can lead to further reactions with other construction materials, less suited for chemical resistance, corrosion of the pressure shell is an example with catastrophic consequences. This paper investigates two castable and one fused cast spinel (MgAl2O4) refractory after about 1 600 hours, and one fused cast material used for 15 000 hours of operation in a 3 MWth black liquor gasifier. Infiltration of Na, followed by destruction of microstructure, and extensive formation of NaAlO2 was observed throughout the whole castable materials, while it was mainly restricted to the hot face of the fused cast materials. Formation of NaAlO2 leads to a volumetric expansion which eventually lead to an increased pressure on the steel shell. In addition, the expansion of the bricks can cause stress and by that spallation and material loss.
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| 27875. |
- Carlborg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between ash forming elements in woody biomass and two high alumina refractories part 1 : effects on morphology and elemental distribution
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To gain more knowledge about possibly destructive effects of ash-forming elements in woody biomass on refractory materials in entrained flow gasification, an exposure study was performed on two high alumina refractories. The materials, a pre-fired castable consisting of about 63 weight-% Al2O3, and a phosphate bonded brick with 83 weight-% Al2O3 was exposed to synthetic ash mixtures at 1050°C and 1 atm CO2 for 7 days. This paper presents distribution of ash-forming elements and morphology of the samples microstructure, while identification and distribution of crystalline compounds is presented in a separate paper. In the samples, potassium (K) had infiltrated the materials and reacted with different components, while calcium (Ca) did not seem to have any direct effect during these conditions. The matrix of the castable absorbed much K, became clogged and produced a distinct border between reacted and unaffected matrix. The coarser matrix of the phosphate bonded brick retained much of its porosity and had ash transported further into the material without a clear distinction between reacted and unaffected matrix. Grains with >30 atomic-% Si, formed a layer enriched in K, with a thickness up to 40 µm and cracks propagating through it. Grains mainly consisting of Al2O3 seemed unaffected by the exposure. When the ash was rich in SiO2, a melt was produced that restricted the attack on the refractories to the surface and coarser pores.
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| 27876. |
- Carlborg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between ash forming elements in woody biomass and two high alumina refractories part 2 : transformation of crystalline compounds
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two high alumina refractories, one brick and one pre fired castable was exposed to pure K2CO3, K2CO3 + CaCO3, and K2CO3 + CaCO3 + SiO2 at 1050°C and a CO2 atmosphere. A stratified investigation of crystalline phases was made with polycrystalline x-ray diffraction, and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to explore possible formation paths. A monoclinic polymorph of KAlSiO4 was formed to a large extent in both materials exposed to pure K2CO3. Throughout the affected part of the castable and a small layer close to the surface of the brick, a solid solution between KAlO2 and KAlSiO4 formed, K1-xAl1-xSixO2, x = 0.19. The affected area of the castable had 30-50 %wt new phases and made a sharp transition to unaffected material. The concentration of new phases in the brick was decreasing at an even rate from about 40 to 15%wt throughout the whole material thickness of 14 mm. Exposure to K2CO3 and CaCO3 showed the same phases and behavior, but no Ca-bearing phases could be detected. The mixture containing K2CO3, CaCO3 and SiO2 did not penetrate far into the material but formed the same phases in the affected areas. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) formed in the slag on top of these materials. The major mechanism for formation of new phases is suggested to be the formation of an initial melt composed of K2O and SiO2. This liquid is then dissolving refractory components and forms a liquid in equilibrium with KAlSiO4 and K1-xAl1-xSixO2.
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| 27877. |
- Carlborg, Markus, 1986-
(författare)
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Refractory corrosion in biomass gasification
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To stop the net emission of CO2 to the atmosphere, we need to reduce our dependency of fossil fuels. Although a switch to a bio-based feedstock hardly can replace the total amount of fossils used today, utilization of biomass does still have a role in a future in combination with other techniques. Valuable chemicals today derived from fossils can also be produced from biomass with similar or new technology. One such technique is the entrained flow gasification where biomass is converted into synthesis gas. This gas can then be used as a building stone to produce a wide range of chemicals.Slagging and corrosion problems are challenges presented by the ash forming elements in biomass during thermochemical energy conversion. The high temperature in the entrained flow process together with ash forming elements is creating a harsh environment for construction materials in the reactor. Severe corrosion and high wear rates of the lining material is a hurdle that has to be overcome to make the process more efficient.The objective of this work is to investigate the nature of the destructive interaction between ash forming elements and refractory materials to provide new knowledge necessary for optimal refractory choice in entrained flow gasification of woody biomass. This has been done by studying materials exposed to slags in both controlled laboratory environments and pilot scale trials. Morphology, elemental composition and distribution of refractories and slag were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Crystalline phases were investigated with X-ray diffraction, and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were done in efforts to explain and make predictions of the interaction between slag and refractory.Observations of slag infiltration and formation of new phases in porous materials indicate severe deterioration. The presence of Si in the materials is limiting intrusion by increasing the viscosity of infiltrated slag. This is however only a temporary delay of severe wear considering the large amount of slag that is expected to pass the refractory surface. Zircon (or zirconium) (element or mineral?) based material show promising properties when modeled with thermodynamic equilibrium, but disassembling of sintered material and dissociation of individual grains was seen after exposure to a Si- and Ca-rich slag. Fused cast materials have a minimal slag contact where the only interaction is on the immediate hot face. Dissolution was however observed when exposed to a silicate-based slag, as was the formation of NaAlO2 after contact with black liquor.
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| 27878. |
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| 27879. |
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| 27880. |
- Carle, Vanessa, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Selective FXIa Inhibitors Based on Cyclic Peptides and Their Application for Safe Anticoagulation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 64:10, s. 6802-6813
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coagulation factor XI (FXI) has emerged as a promising target for the development of safer anticoagulation drugs that limit the risk of severe and life-threatening bleeding. Herein, we report the first cyclic peptide-based FXI inhibitor that selectively and potently inhibits activated FXI (FXIa) in human and animal blood. The cyclic peptide inhibitor (Ki = 2.8 ± 0.5 nM) achieved anticoagulation effects that are comparable to that of the gold standard heparin applied at a therapeutic dose (0.3-0.7 IU/mL in plasma) but with a substantially broader estimated therapeutic range. We extended the plasma half-life of the peptide via PEGylation and demonstrated effective FXIa inhibition over extended periods in vivo. We validated the anticoagulant effects of the PEGylated inhibitor in an ex vivo hemodialysis model with human blood. Our work shows that FXI can be selectively targeted with peptides and provides a promising candidate for the development of a safe anticoagulation therapy.
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