| 31. |
- Olsson, Lisa, 1982
(författare)
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Leadership and creativity in research groups
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DEGREE OF L1CENTIATE IN PSYCHOLOGY Abstract Olsson, L. (2010). Leadership and Creativity in Research Groups. University of Gothenburg. Sweden. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between leadership and creativity in research groups by use of multi-level analysis, and to identify creativity-stimulating, leader related situations and behaviors as perceived by research group members. The investigation was undertaken in order to produce a better understanding of how leaders influence creativity in research groups. Two studies (one quantitative and one qualitative) were conducted in an academic and industrial, biomedical and biotechnological research setting. Study I, tested leader-member exchange (LMX) theory. A multi-level analysis was applied to leader- and member-rated LMX-data (n = 136 leader-member dyads, in 51 research groups) as a way to study LMX effects on group member creativity, measured by the number of scientific publications by university and industry researchers. Although the number of patents, h-index and subjective ratings of creativity were collected, they were not analyzed because of either missing data or obvious common method variance. Study II consisted of interviews based on the critical incident technique (CIT). The research group members in this study (n = 93) were interviewed in order to identify creativity-stimulating, leader related incidents. Study I showed that leader-rated LMX on a group level, rather than on a dyadic level, predicted group member creativity in university groups. This predictive capability was not found in industry groups. The publication measure was a more appropriate indicator of creativity in academia than in industry. Member-rated LMX at the dyadic level tended to positively predict creativity in university group s, but had a negative effect on creativity in industry groups. In Study II, six categories each of creative situations, leader-related, creativity-stimulating behaviors, and reasons for the importance of such creative incidents were identified. The identified leader behaviors support that leaders should provide expertise and support to stimulate creativity in research. The two studies conclude that leaders can stimulate creativity in research groups, mainly by demonstrations of their expertise and by the exercise of their social skills. Moreover, the results point to the usefulness of applying a multi-level approach in the joint study of leadership and creativity, since both concepts may constitute group level phenomena. It seems important to consider the differences in organizational contexts as well as to strive to develop creative output measures that adequately reflect creativity in both settings, even if academic and industrial settings display similarities in leadership and creativity. Keywords: leadership, creativity, research, R&D, LMX. ISSN 1101-718, ISRN GU/PSYK/AVH--232--SE Lisa Olsson, Gothenburg Research Institute, University of Gothenburg, Box 603, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden. Phone: +46 317865483. E-mail: lisa.olsson@gri.gu.se
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| 32. |
- Peña-Aza, Milton Eduardo, 1981
(författare)
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Cooling of a Suspended Nanowire by an ac Josephson current
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nanoelectromechanical systems have been used for the exploration of the quantum limit of mechanical motion. There is hope that the quest for the quantum regime of these systems will shed light on fundamental questions in physics and lead to new quantum technologies. In essence, the realization of the quantum limit consists of reducing the effective temperature of the system below a certain limit. Consequently, an efficient cooling scheme that reaches the quantum ground state must be devised. It is the objective of this thesis to discuss the conditions necessary for ground state cooling of a voltage biased metallic nanowire suspended between two superconducting leads. Considering this system in the low bias regime, by using the density matrix theoretical framework it is shown that due to the transfer of energy from the mechanical vibrations of the nanowire to the electronic quasiparticle bath, ground state cooling of the nanoresonator can be achieved. The cooling is accomplished through an electromechanical coupling obtained by applying an uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the long axis of the nanobeam or by connecting the system to a gate electrode palced below the suspended nanotube.
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| 33. |
- Petersson, Jesper, 1974
(författare)
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Space and Time Configurations in Telemedicine
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sammanfattning: Denna licentiatavhandling är en socioteknisk och spatiotemporal studie av praktiserande av hälso‐ och sjukvård med hjälp av informations‐ och kommunikationsteknik (IKT), eller s k telemedicin. IKT förknippas ofta med möjligheten att överkomma tid och rum och tillåta åtkomst av sådant som finns någon annanstans. I den här rollen ses IKT ofta som ett instrument för att både höja kvalitet och effektivitet. Studiens utgångspunkt är dock att varken tid och rum eller kvalitet och effektivitet är fixerade enheter utan varierar med förändring av kontexten. Det första fallet studerar användandet av teleultrasonografi för fosterövervakning, d.v.s. ultraljud kopplat med möjligheten att elektroniskt transportera fosteravbildningen till olika expertcentra runtom i världen. Avhandlingen pekar på hur teleultrasonografi inte enbart kan förstås som en introduktion av ytterligare en teknisk applikation, i det här fallet för att överkomma geometrisk rymd och mekanisk tid, utan kommer att transformera aktörsroller. Särskild uppmärksammas möjliga förändringar i relationen mellan den gravida kvinnan och fostret när de blir möjliga att skilja åt genom virtualiseringen av fostret när ultrasonografi‐ och telemedicinapplikationer kopplas ihop. Studien bygger på textanalyser av vetenskapliga artiklar i internationella tidskrifter som behandlar sammankopplandet av telemedicin och ultraljud. Det andra fallet studerar olika svenska aktörer, såsom läkare, hälsoekonomer och policymakare, i deras försök att använda telemedicinapplikationer för att hantera tillgängligheten till sjukvård. Avhandlingen visar att beroende på t ex medicinsk praktik, platsen för försöken, vem som är ansvarig för projekten samt vilken innebörd ’avstånd’ ges i olika kontexter, så blir också praktiserandet av telemedicin skilda saker. Detta gör att området kan attrahera intresse från olika aktörer, men också att nationella aktörer som i telemedicin ser ett instrument för att omstrukturera svensk sjukvård upplever den som ’diffus’ och får svårigheter att styra utvecklingen i den riktning de önskar, t ex att skifta fokus från att överkomma geografiskt avstånd till att främja nya former av samarbeten inom hälso‐ och sjukvården. För att telemedicin ska kunna spela en ledande roll inom svensk hälso‐ och sjukvård är det därför nödvändigt för telemedicin att både vara anpassningsbar och heterogen, men också homogen och stabil; flytande såväl som fixerad. Det analyserade empiriska materialet består av en rad svenska aktörers publikationer om telemedicin och relaterade områden, t ex medicinska artiklar, policydokument, utvärderingar och rapporter.
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| 34. |
- Punzi, Elisabeth, 1968
(författare)
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Substance abuse and behavioural problems. Prevalence and psychological aspects of importance
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Degree of Licentiate in Psychology Abstract Punzi, E (2010). Substance abuse and behavioural problems. Prevalenee and psychological aspects of importance. Department of Psychology, the University of Gothenburg, Sweden The aim of this thesis was to investigate prevalence of behavioural problems (Le. food intake, sexual activities, gambling and exercise) among individuals with substance abuse, and if these problems had been considered during assessment and treatment. Moreover, possible psychological aspects of importance for understanding the relationship between substance abuse and behavioural problems were also investigated. In a first study, 83 adult male and females individuals with substance abuse, answered a questionnaire regarding occurrence of behavioural problems and if such problems had been identified during their treatment. In a subsequent study, nine individuals with substance abuse who reported behavioural problems participated in a semi-structure interview regarding the relationship between their substance abuse and behavioural problems. Findings from the first study showed that 63 percent of the individuals reported behavioural problems, mainly with food intake and sexual activities. The majority abused multiple substances and had two or more behavioural problems. The results also showed that behavioural problems could not be identified via their pattem of substance abuse or gender. Findings from the second study showed that there were mainly two psychological factors of importance for understanding the relationship between substance abuse and behavioural problems; the individuals' sense of self in terms of negative, insufficient and positive sense of self, and what purpose use of substance use and/or behaviour fulfils. Findings from this thesis indicates that behavioural problems are relatively common among both men and women participating in treatment of substance abuse, and that individuals with these both problems can not be identified via their pattem of substance abuse. Since substance abuse and behavioural problems is a complex individual phenomenon, it is of importance that methods for identifying and assessing behavioural problems are developed and that such methods are used routinely in treatment units for substance abuse. Key words: Addiction, Behavioural problems, Clinical screening and assessment, Gender, Prevalence, Sense of self, Substance abuse Elisabeth Punzi, Department ofPsychology, the University of Gothenburg, Box 500, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Phone: +46-313423194, Fax: +46-31- 7864628, e-mail: Elisabeth.Punzi@vgregion.se
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Ryding, Mauritz Johan, 1981
(författare)
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Interactions of ionic molecular clusters H+(H2O)n, H+(NH3)1(H2O)n and H+(pyridine)1-3(H2O)n with heavy water in cluster beam experiments
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Molecular cluster ions are fascinating subjects of study. Bridging the size gap between molecules and bulk, they often display non-trivial size dependent behavior and properties. Clusters—apart from being interesting in their own right and serving as useful model system in a number of applications—have a very real and important role in the atmosphere. Clusters acts as precursors for atmospheric particle formation, and as such, any uncertainties regarding clusters have a significant impact on the current estimates of global warming. This work investigates the properties of some ionic molecular clusters: H+(H2O)n, H+(NH3)1(H2O)n and H+(pyridine)1-3(H2O)n, as well as their reactions with gas phase heavy water, D2O. This is done in a cluster beam experiment, using a setup consisting of a quadrupole mass filter, a collision cell, and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The relative reaction cross section between the clusters and D2O was investigated; it was found that the pure water clusters and ammonia containing cluster have similar cross sections. Furthermore, the cross sections of the pyridine containing clusters differed from those of the pure water clusters and ammonia containing clusters. However, among the pyridine containing clusters, the reaction cross section depended only on the water content and not on the number of pyridine molecules. Previous studies in the field have concluded that the proton mobility in a cationic pure water cluster is large, leading to a H/D scrambling process during the lifetime of the reaction intermediate formed upon collision of the cluster with D2O. This is seen also in the experiments presented here. However, some of the cluster types investigated—H+(NH3)1(H2O)n and H+(pyridine)1(H2O)n —do not show this behavior. For these clusters, the high proton affinity of the basic molecule leads to the proton being locked in place by the nitrogen atom. Surprisingly, it was found that adding additional pyridine molecules to the latter cluster types negates this effect, thus H+(pyridine)2-3(H2O)n clusters exhibit H/D scrambling just like pure protonated water clusters. Quantum chemical calculations show that for H+(pyridine)2(H2O)4-6 there are stable structures where the proton is found on a water molecule. Although these structures are higher in energy compared to the most stable ones (with the proton situated on a pyridine molecule), the thermodynamical barrier for transferring the proton from a pyridine molecule to a water molecule is likely to decrease with cluster size, thus allowing hydronium containing stable cluster isomers.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Svensson, Nina, 1975
(författare)
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Primary and secondary process thinking in creative performance: group, alcohol and emotional influences
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Degree of licentiate in psychology Abstract Svensson, N (2010). Primary and secondary process thinking in creative performance: group, alcohol and emotional influences. Department of psychology, university of Gothenburg, Sweden. Primary and secondary process thinking can be associated to different phases in the creative process, where primary process thinking has been linked to early, inspirational phases, and secondary process has been linked to later, evaluating phases. In the current investigation, conditions were manipulated in order to produce a shift in the primary-secondary process relations, whereupon creative performance was tested. In Study I, group work was compared to individual work (experiment 1), as well as a control condition with de Bono creativity enhancing techniques (experiment 2). Further, the impact of group work and a de Bono technique on the creative process was investigated (experiment 3). In Study II, alcohol (experiment 1) and emotional enhancing film material (experiment 2) was used in order to produce a shift in primary-secondary process relations. Study I showed that Group-work produced higher results on different measures of creative performance, although Single-work produced higher total fluency scores. Further, the Group-work groups showed a higher degree of preparation and incubation than the Single group at all times of the experiment, and the individuals had a higher level of illumination during the final meeting. In addition, de Bono techniques led to lower fluency (experiment 2) and lower flexibility (experiment 3), but also a higher level of thought change during the middle phase of experiment 3. Study II showed indications of increased secondary process thinking after intake of a moderate dose of alcohol, and indications of increased primary process thinking after emotional enhancement. Keywords: Creativity, Primary process, Secondary process, Group work, de Bono, Alcohol, Aggression. ISSN 1101-718X ISRN GU/PSYK/AVH--233--SE ____________________________________
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