| 1. |
- Abadir Guirgis, Georg
(författare)
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Lärarperspektiv på riskutbildningen för motorcyklister
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Over the last decade it has become increasingly popular to ride a motorcycle in Sweden. A mandatory risk education for competence A and A1 was introduced from the 1st of November 2009. Since the education is new, few evaluations have been conducted so far.This study evaluates the risk education for motorcyclists based on the perspective of driving instructors. The goal was to compile the instructors' comments and experiences with respect to the new risk training. An additional objective was to examine the driving instructors' perceived effects of the education on their students' driving behavior. Six semi-structured interviews with driving instructors and an observational study of the education at various driving schools were conducted. In addition, a participant observation study was performed during a further education of 15 driving instructors. The results show that the instructors experience a great need for the new risk training and that the implementation of the training itself has been good. Students have been referring to the risk training, which according to the instructors indicate that the students have embraced the essence of the training. As a result, the students drive more carefully now and think twice in certain situations according to the instructors. This was considered a desirable result.
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| 2. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of eye tracking systems with one and three cameras
- 2011
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Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : ACM.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When using eye movements to determine the state of a car driver it is important that the eye tracker is robust, unobtrusive, inexpensive and fully automatic. The objectives of this study are to compare the performance of a one-camera system with a three-camera system and to investigate if the accuracy and availability of the one-camera system is sufficient to monitor driver state. Data from 53 subjects were evaluated and the results indicate that there is not much difference between a single-camera system and a multi-camera system as long as the driver is looking straight ahead. However, with more peripheral gaze directions, the larger coverage that is provided by the additional cameras works in favour of the multi-camera system. © ACM 2010.
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| 3. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting sleepiness by Optalert : final report
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many crashes with heavy vehicle can be attributed to driver sleepiness or driving impairment due to sleepiness, and it is important to find methods to predict those situations and counteract this problem. The Optalert fatigue management system claims to be able to detect sleepiness. The aims of this study are to (a) evaluate if Optalert can detect sleepiness equally well as other sleepiness indicators and (b) if the data patterns obtained by Optalert correlates with these other sleepiness indicators. Twelve sleep deprived truck drivers drove for about 90 minutes in an advanced moving base truck simulator. The experimental setup, including the sleep deprivation, was designed so that the drivers should become increasingly sleepier during the trial and the intention was that they should fall asleep during the experiment.Four different indicators of sleepiness or driving impairment due to sleepiness were used to monitor the state of the drivers; the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), the variability in lateral position (SDLP), the blink duration and the Optalert system. The results show that all four sleepiness indicators increased with time on task. An analysis of variance revealed that the changes were significant for KSS, blink duration and the Optalert system, and a correlation analysis showed that Optalert correlated significantly with blink duration and SDLP. However, even though these correlations were significant, they were all rather low with a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.24.In conclusion, the Optalert system is promising and the sleepiness rating provided by the system works at least equally well as the other three sleepiness indicators. There are some practical limitations to the system; there is no reliable threshold which can be used to determine when a driver is getting too sleepy to drive (this is also the case for other available sleepiness indicators), the driver needs to be attached to the vehicle via the spectacle frames and a wire, and the quality of the eye movement recordings often deteriorated when the driver started driving the truck. Moreover, during the experiment the technical reliability was sometimes low.
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| 4. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of a one-camera and a three-camera system
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driving and operating a vehicle is to a great extent a visual task. In driver behaviour studies it is therefore important to be able to measure where the driver is looking. Today this can be done unobtrusively and remotely in real-time with camera based eye tracking. The most common remote eye tracking systems use multiple cameras in order to give satisfactory results. However, promising results using only one camera has recently emerged on the market. The main objective of this study is to compare eye tracking systems with one and three cameras, respectively, during various measurement conditions.A total of 53 participants were enrolled in the study. Data from the two eye trackers were acquired and analysed in terms of availability, accuracy and precision. The results indicate that both availability and accuracy are affected by many different factors. The most important factors are the number of cameras that is used and the angular distance from straight ahead. In the central region (straight ahead) both one-camera and three-camera systems have a high degree of accuracy and availability, but with increasing distance from the central region, the results deteriorate. This effect falls harder upon the one-camera system. Interestingly, there were no significant effects when wearing glasses in either availability or accuracy. There was however an interaction effect between distance and glasses.Advantages with a one-camera system are that it is cheaper, easier to operate and easier to install in a vehicle. A multi-camera system will, on the other hand, provide higher availability and accuracy for areas that are far from the road centre. A one-camera system is thus mostly suitable for in-vehicle applications such as systems that warn drivers for sleepiness or distraction while multi-camera solutions are preferable for research purposes.
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| 5. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Review of real-time visual driver distraction detection algorithms
- 2011
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Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : ACM.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many incidents and crashes can be attributed to driver distraction, and it is essential to learn how to detectdistraction in order to develop efficient countermeasures. A number of distraction detection algorithms have been developed over the years, and the objective of this paper is to summarize available approaches and to describe these algorithms in a unified framework. The review is limited to real-time algorithms that are intended to detect visual distraction.
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| 6. |
- Aigner-Breuss, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison and analysis of user and stakeholder needs across different countries
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The current deliverable aims at presenting the results of the analysis of stakeholder needs, in order to have support for selecting the most relevant use cases. For the identification of user requirements of all stakeholders relevant to school transportation different methods were used:- Focus groups with representatives of one user or stakeholder group- Workshops with different stakeholders- 2 questionnaire surveys (Questionaire A: Road Experts, Questionaire B: children, parents and bus drivers)Problems and needs in the following areas were subject of discussions, interviews and questionnaires:- Behaviour of road users counteracting with school buses- Behaviour of pupils on the school bus and while entering and exiting the same- Design of bus stops- Protection of pupils on the school bus- Condition of school buses- Education of school bus drivers- Education of pupils concerning school transportation- Information flow- Route to/from school- Special needs of children with disabilitiesResults show that the organisation of school transport varies between countries and even within a country. Stakeholders underline the importance of consistent regulations and clear responsibilities as a basis for a safe way to school by bus.
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| 7. |
- Alfredsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Funktionskriterier för vägkonstruktioner : Förstudie
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det projekt som här rapporteras har som syfte att identifiera och beskriva de svårigheter och möjligheter som totalentreprenader medför, respektive erbjuder, för alla parter. Målet är att utveckla totalentreprenader på ett sådant sätt att branschens effektivitet ökas. Denna rapport är en förstudie där det studerats vilka krav som byggherren ska ställa på utföraren av en vägkonstruktion i en totalentreprenad med funktionsansvar och hur utföraren ska verifiera kraven. Arbetet har genomförts med medlemmar från olika aktörer i branschen och omfattat främst litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Kunskaper och erfarenheter har sammanställts och analyserats för att slutligen kondenseras ned till ett antal förslag till fortsatt arbete.Förstudien har pekat ut ett antal områden som viktiga för att påskynda framtida utveckling av totalentreprenader:Terminologi – idag råder viss begreppsförvirringAnalys av funktionella krav i tidigare projektTrafikantkravMiljökravUtveckling av funktionella krav i samverkanVäghållarekonomiRegelbetingade begränsningar av funktionella kravUppföljning och underlättande av erfarenhetsackumuleringImplementering av nya mått och mätmetoder
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Anders, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A Moving Base Simulator Investigation of Effects of a Yaw Stability System Caused by a Side Impact
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering. - : ASME International. - 1530-9827 .- 1944-7078. ; 11:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this study was to investigate how an electronic stability control (ESC) system may aid the driver in a critical sideswipe accident. Another objective was to investigate the possibility of having a realistic simulation of a sideswipe accident in a large moving base simulator. The experiment can be divided into two parts. In part one, the driver is unaware of the sudden side impact and in part two, the side impact was repeated six times.The experiment was driven by 18 persons. With the ESC system active no driver lost control, while with the system inactive there were five drivers that lost control in part one. In part two, the ESC system showed to stabilize the vehicle faster, and the improvement in stabilization time was between 40% and 62%. It was also seen that 2% loss of control occurred with an ESC system active and 45% without.
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