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- Modin, A., et al.
(författare)
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Electronic structure of Cu3N films studied by soft x-ray spectroscopy
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 20:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soft x- ray emission spectroscopy was used to characterize the electronic structure of seven copper nitride films, one synthesized with atomic layer deposition ( ALD) and six grown with chemical vapor deposition ( CVD) at different preparation temperatures. Interpretation of the x- ray emission spectra was supported by calculations of the electronic structure for bulk pure Cu3N and Cu3N with: an excess of Cu atoms, oxygen or carbon impurities, and N vacancies. The calculations are shown to describe the experimental spectra quite well. Analysis of the x- ray spectra suggests that films grown in copper rich environments and above a cut- off temperature of approximately 360 degrees C have a growing fraction of copper enriched areas, while films prepared below this temperature do not have these areas with excess copper.
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- Rashid, Abdid, et al.
(författare)
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Photothermal CVD of Carbon Thin Films using CH2I2 as the Precursor
- 2008
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Ingår i: Chemical Vapor Deposition. - : Wiley. - 0948-1907 .- 1521-3862. ; 14:9-10, s. 279-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin carbon films are deposited via CVD from the precursor methylene iodide (CH2I2) using two different activation sources; a broadband IR lamp and a thermal plate. Large differences in deposition rates are observed when comparing the two sources of activation. The characteristics of the deposition kinetics of the highly sensitive system are also investigated by employing a split, symmetric reactor, and by using a qualitative model. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is used for microstructural characterization of the films. The lamp technique allows a simple and low-cost experimental setup, for deposition of disordered carbon thin films at relatively low temperatures and high rates.
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- Sörensen, Thomas
(författare)
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Den nordamerikanska milisrörelsen
- 2008
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Ingår i: Borgerlighet i vapen. - Malmö : Malmö University Press.
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 8. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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An energy-efficient Swedish pulp and paper industry : exploring barriers to and driving forces for cost-effective energy efficiency investments
- 2008
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 1:1, s. 21-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-effective energy efficiency measures are not always implemented, which is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. This paper investigates whether this holds for the Swedish pulp and paper industry, and if so, investigates the barriers inhibiting and the driving forces stressing cost-effective energy efficiency investments. By so, this case study covers about 2% of the EU-25 industrial end-use of energy. The overall results from a questionnaire show that there is an energy efficiency gap in the sector and that the largest barriers were technical risks such as risk of production disruptions, cost of production disruption/hassle/inconvenience, technology inappropriate at the mill, lack of time and other priorities, lack of access to capital, and slim organization. As regards the driving forces for energy efficiency, the highest ranked driving forces were cost reductions resulting from lower energy use, people with real ambition, long-term energy strategy, the threat of rising energy prices, the electricity certificate system, the PFE. The results show that many of the barriers and driving forces were not solely market-related, e.g., lack of time or other priorities, slim organization, other priorities for capital investments, lack of staff awareness, and long decision chains indicate that firm-specific barriers plays an important role. These barriers may not be overcome by market-related public policy instruments but is rather a consequence of how the energy issue is organized within the firms. The second and the third largest driving forces, people with real ambition and a long-term energy strategy further support this.
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- Westin, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Alkoxide route to La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 epitaxial thin films on SrTiO3
- 2008
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 516:15, s. 4673-4678
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An all alkoxide based sol–gel route was investigated for preparation of epitaxial La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO) films on 100 SrTiO3 (STO) substrates. Films with 20–30 to 80–100 nm thickness were prepared by spin-coating 0.2–0.6 M (metal) solutions on the STO substrates and heat treatment to 800 °C at 2 °C min− 1, 30 min, in air. The films were epitaxial with a cube-on-cube alignment and the LSCO cell was strained to match the STO substrate of 3.905 Å closely; a and b = 3.894 Å and 3.897 Å for the 20–30 and 80–100 nm films, respectively. The c-axis was compressed to 3.789 Å and 3.782 Å for the 20–30 and 80–100 nm films, respectively, which resulted in an almost unchanged cell volume as compared to polycrystalline film and nano-phase powders prepared in the same way. The SEM study showed mainly very smooth, featureless surfaces, but also some defects. A film prepared in the same way on an -Al2O3 substrate was dense and polycrystalline with crystallite sizes in the range 10–50 nm and gave cubic cell dimensions of ac = 3.825 Å. The conductivity of the ca 30–40 nm thick polycrystalline film was 1.7 mΩcm, while the epitaxial 80–100 nm film had a conductivity of around 1.9 mΩcm.
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| 10. |
- Westin, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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All alkoxide route to manganate and coboltate perovskite films and powders : effects of processing parameters
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. - : Springer. - 0928-0707 .- 1573-4846. ; 48:1-2, s. 194-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manganate and cobaltate perovskites having the general formula ABO3 have many technologically important applications. Here we present all alkoxide based routes to manganate and coboltate perovskite films and nano-phase powders of the compositions; LCMO (La0.67Ca0.33MnO3), LSMO (La0.75Sr0.25MnO3), LNCMO (La0.33Nd0.33Ca0.33MnO3), LBSMO (La0.75Ba0.125Sr0.125MnO3) and LSCO (La0.50Sr0.50CoO3). The Mn and Co (oxo) methoxy-ethoxide precursors were prepared by reaction of MnCl2 or CoCl2 with 2 Kmoe in methoxy-ethanol-toluene. After hydrolysis of the alkoxide solutions by atmospheric air all systems produced X-ray and electron diffraction amorphous gels of high elemental homogeneity, and the IR spectra showed that they consisted of hydrated oxo-carbonates. Heating in air resulted in similar weight-loss curves for all studied gels passing; loss of H2O in the range 20–300 °C, decomposition of carbonate groups into oxide and CO2 in the temperature range 300–700 °C, and in some cases loss of a small amount of oxygen in the temperature range 700–1,000 °C. The pure perovskites were obtained at 690–770 °C with heat rates of typically 5–20 °C min−1 without annealing. Perovskites could also be obtained at 550 °C by annealing, but these perovskites are prone to be A-site ion inhomogeneous according to the TEM EDS studies, which was not the case for the perovskites heat-treated to at least the carbonate decomposition temperature. This A-site inhomogeneity is ascribed to sequential decomposition of carbonates due to their different thermal stabilities, which is probably a general feature also with other sol–gel precursors and low temperature annealing. High quality polycrystalline films were prepared on Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt substrates with all compositions and high quality epitaxial films were prepared of LCMO (on 100 LaAlO3) and LSCO (on 100 SrTiO3). The colossal magneto resistance (CMR) of the epitaxial LCMO films of 32% (246 K) is in parity with PLD derived films. The conductivities of the epitaxial and polycrystalline LSCO films were 1.9 mΩcm (on STO) and 1.7 mΩcm (on α-Al2O3, respectively).
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