| 1. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08003
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ATLAS detector as installed in its experimental cavern at point 1 at CERN is described in this paper. A brief overview of the expected performance of the detector when the Large Hadron Collider begins operation is also presented.
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| 2. |
- Aalaei, Kataneh, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical methods and techniques to monitor early Maillard reaction in milk products; A review
- 2019
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Ingår i: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1040-8398 .- 1549-7852. ; 59:12, s. 1829-1839
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maillard reaction is an extensively studied, yet unresolved chemical reaction that occurs as a result of application of the heat and during the storage of foods. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been the focus of several investigations recently. These molecules which are formed at the advanced stage of the Maillard reaction, are suspected to be involved in autoimmune diseases in humans. Therefore, understanding to which extent this reaction occurs in foods, is of vital significance. Because of their composition, milk products are ideal media for this reaction, especially when application of heat and prolonged storage are considered. Thus, in this work several chemical approaches to monitor this reaction in an early stage are reviewed. This is mostly done regarding available lysine blockage which takes place in the very beginning of the reaction. The most popular methods and their applications to various products are reviewed. The methods including their modifications are described in detail and their findings are discussed. The present paper provides an insight into the history of the most frequently-used methods and provides an overview on the indicators of the Maillard reaction in the early stage with its focus on milk products and especially milk powders.
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| 3. |
- Aamodt, K., et al.
(författare)
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The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08002
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
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| 4. |
- Abad, JM, et al.
(författare)
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Immobilization of peroxidase glycoprotein on gold electrodes modified with mixed epoxy-boronic acid monolayers
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5126 .- 0002-7863. ; 124:43, s. 12845-12853
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of bioelectronic enzyme applications requires the immobilization of active proteins onto solid or colloidal substrates such as gold. Coverage of the gold surface with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMS) reduces nonspecific adsorption of proteins and also allows the incorporation onto the surface of ligands with affinity for complementary binding sites on native proteins. We present in this work a strategy for the covalent immobilization of glycosylated proteins previously adsorbed through weak, reversible interactions, on tailored SAMS. Boronic acids, which form cyclic esters with saccharides, are incorporated into SAMS to weakly adsorb the glycoprotein onto the electrode surface through their carbohydrate moiety. To prevent protein release from the electrode surface, we combine the affinity motif of boronates with the reactivity of epoxy groups to covalently link the protein to heterofunctional boronateepoxy SAMS. The principle underlying our strategy is the increased immobilization rate achieved by the weak interaction-induced proximity effect between slow reacting oxyrane groups in the SAM and nucleophilic residues from adsorbed proteins, which allows the formation of very stable covalent bonds. This approach is exemplified by the use of phenylboronates-oxyrane mixed monolayers as a reactive support and redox-enzyme horseradish peroxidase as glycoprotein for the preparation of peroxidase electrodes. Quartz crystal microbalance, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical measurements are used to characterize these enzymatic electrodes. These epoxy-boronate functional monolayers; are versatile, stable interfaces, ready to incorporate glycoproteins by incubation under mild conditions.
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| 5. |
- Abbasi, Maisam, et al.
(författare)
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Themes and challenges in making supply chains environmentally sustainable
- 2012
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Ingår i: Supply Chain Management. - : Emerald. - 1359-8546. ; 17:5, s. 517-530
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - The purpose of this article is to explore themes and challenges in making supply chains environmentally sustainable. Design/methodology/approach - The study began with a systematic review, and content analysis of articles in top-ranking related journals from logistics, transport, sustainability and environmental areas, and ended with research propositions contributing to the further advancement of supply chain management. Findings - The findings illustrate the major themes published in 18 journals concentrating on sustainable supply chains with special focus on environmental issues. From the systematic review five major areas of challenges for supply chain management are derived: costs, complexity, operationalisation, mindset and cultural changes, and uncertainties. From all of these areas synthesising discussions are provided and research propositions suggested. It is concluded that there is a great need for models and frameworks that consider the complexity involved, take holistic perspectives, and challenge the basic assumptions underlying most of the research published (i.e. reductionism, positivism and economic growth). Research limitations/implications - Sustainability in this article is mainly related to environmental issues. Analysis of complex interactions between environmental, social and economic aspects might provide opportunities for future research. Practical implications - The results presented in this paper provide a systematic structure for classifying issues related to logistics sustainability; something which will be beneficial for managers and policy-makers when they approach sustainable supply chain management challenges. Originality/value - This paper provides propositions for research based on the emergent outcome of challenges that can guide research, industry and policy-makers in future sustainability efforts.
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| 6. |
- Abbott, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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Sex chromosome evolution : Historical insights and future perspectives
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 284:1854
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many separate-sexed organisms have sex chromosomes controlling sex determination. Sex chromosomes often have reduced recombination, specialized (frequently sex-specific) gene content, dosage compensation and heteromorphic size. Research on sex determination and sex chromosome evolution has increased over the past decade and is today a very active field. However, some areas within the field have not received as much attention as others.We therefore believe that a historic overviewof key findings and empirical discoveries will put current thinking into context and help us better understand where to go next. Here, we present a timeline of important conceptual and analytical models, as well as empirical studies that have advanced the field and changed our understanding of the evolution of sex chromosomes. Finally, we highlight gaps in our knowledge so far and propose some specific areas within the field that we recommend a greater focus on in the future, including the role of ecology in sex chromosome evolution and newmultilocus models of sex chromosome divergence.
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| 7. |
- Abbott, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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Why is measuring and predicting fitness under genomic conflict so hard?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Genetics and Development. - 0959-437X. ; 81
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genomic conflict between the sexes is caused by differences in the optimal male and female reproductive strategies, and is a major contributor to genetic, phenotypic, and life history variation. While early experimental work appeared to strongly support predictions from sexual conflict, recent work has produced more ambiguous results. Recent advances in experimental evolution studies combined with theoretical arguments can shed light on why measuring fitness under a conflict is so challenging, including the incidental alteration of mating dynamics, demographic effects, and inherent complexity in what quantity selection maximizes. We stress that non-intuitive results do not necessarily mean the absence of conflict, and follow-up experiments to determine why a priori predictions failed can ultimately teach us more than if they had been confirmed.
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| 8. |
- Abdalla Elsayed, Maram E.A., et al.
(författare)
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Sickle cell retinopathy. A focused review
- 2019
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Ingår i: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0721-832X .- 1435-702X. ; 257:7, s. 1353-1364
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To provide a focused review of sickle cell retinopathy in the light of recent advances in the pathogenesis, multimodal retinal imaging, management of the condition, and migration trends, which may lead to increased prevalence of the condition in the Western world. Methods: Non-systematic focused literature review. Results: Sickle retinopathy results from aggregation of abnormal hemoglobin in the red blood cells in the retinal microcirculation, leading to reduced deformability of the red blood cells, stagnant blood flow in the retinal precapillary arterioles, thrombosis, and ischemia. This may be precipitated by hypoxia, acidosis, and hyperosmolarity. Sickle retinopathy may result in sight threatening complications, such as paracentral middle maculopathy or sequelae of proliferative retinopathy, such as vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. New imaging modalities, such as wide-field imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography, have revealed the microstructural features of sickle retinopathy, enabling earlier diagnosis. The vascular growth factor ANGPTL-4 has recently been identified as a potential mediator of progression to proliferative retinopathy and may represent a possible therapeutic target. Laser therapy should be considered for proliferative retinopathy in order to prevent visual loss; however, the evidence is not very strong. With recent development of wide-field imaging, targeted laser to ischemic retina may prove to be beneficial. Exact control of intraoperative intraocular pressure, including valved trocar vitrectomy systems, may improve the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery for complications, such as vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. Stem cell transplantation and gene therapy are potentially curative treatments, which may prevent retinopathy. Conclusions: There is lack of evidence regarding the optimal management of sickle retinopathy. Further study is needed to determine if recent progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology and diagnosis of sickle retinopathy may translate into improved management and outcome.
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| 9. |
- Abdelaziz, Omar Y., et al.
(författare)
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Biological valorization of low molecular weight lignin
- 2016
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Ingår i: Biotechnology Advances. - : Elsevier BV. - 0734-9750. ; 34:8, s. 1318-1346
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin is a major component of lignocellulosic biomass and as such, it is processed in enormous amounts in the pulp and paper industry worldwide. In such industry it mainly serves the purpose of a fuel to provide process steam and electricity, and to a minor extent to provide low grade heat for external purposes. Also from other biorefinery concepts, including 2nd generation ethanol, increasing amounts of lignin will be generated. Other uses for lignin – apart from fuel production – are of increasing interest not least in these new biorefinery concepts. These new uses can broadly be divided into application of the polymer as such, native or modified, or the use of lignin as a feedstock for the production of chemicals. The present review focuses on the latter and in particular the advances in the biological routes for chemicals production from lignin. Such a biological route will likely involve an initial depolymerization, which is followed by biological conversion of the obtained smaller lignin fragments. The conversion can be either a short catalytic conversion into desired chemicals, or a longer metabolic conversion. In this review, we give a brief summary of sources of lignin, methods of depolymerization, biological pathways for conversion of the lignin monomers and the analytical tools necessary for characterizing and evaluating key lignin attributes.
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| 10. |
- Abdelaziz, Omar Y., et al.
(författare)
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On the Oxidative Valorization of Lignin to High-Value Chemicals : A Critical Review of Opportunities and Challenges
- 2022
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Ingår i: ChemSusChem. - : Wiley. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 15:20
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The efficient valorization of lignin is crucial if we are to replace current petroleum-based feedstock and establish more sustainable and competitive lignocellulosic biorefineries. Pulp and paper mills and second-generation biorefineries produce large quantities of low-value technical lignin as a by-product, which is often combusted on-site for energy recovery. This Review focuses on the conversion of technical lignins by oxidative depolymerization employing heterogeneous catalysts. It scrutinizes the current literature describing the use of various heterogeneous catalysts in the oxidative depolymerization of lignin and includes a comparison of the methods, catalyst loadings, reaction media, and types of catalyst applied, as well as the reaction products and yields. Furthermore, current techniques for the determination of product yields and product recovery are discussed. Finally, challenges and suggestions for future approaches are outlined.
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