| 61. |
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| 62. |
- Holmer, Björn, 1943, et al.
(författare)
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How to transform the standing man from a box to a cylinder – a modified methodology to calculate mean radiant temperature in field studies and models
- 2015
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Ingår i: ICUC9 – 9 th International Conference on Urban Climate jointly with 12th Symposium on the Urban Environment. 20-24 July, Toulouse, France.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) has shown to be an important meteorological variable in studies of human comfort and health. The Tmrt is calculated as the surface temperature of a standing man approximated as a cylinder emitting the same amount of longwave radiation as all short- and longwave radiation fluxes received from the surrounding four cardinal points and down- and upwards. The calculation was introduced by Höppe in 1992 and has then been used both in models (e.g. SOLWEIG) and field studies. However, the formula by Höppe describes in fact a man shaped like a box and not a cylinder, which has resulted in some peculiar features noticed in studies of Tmrt such as a secondary daytime minimum and an influence of the orientation of the field equipment. A methodology to change the box man to a cylindrical man is proposed. It will remove the peculiarities that have been observed in earlier studies. The methodology is based on the partition of the observed shortwave fluxes in direct and diffuse radiation. The minimum shortwave radiation of the four cardinal points is used as diffuse radiation since it is monitored by a sensor that is not sunlit. By subtraction of this quantity the horizontal direct fluxes are obtained. Calculation of the resultant flux of the sunlit sensors and adjustment for solar angle gives the direct shortwave radiation. The surface of the standing man (as a cylinder) perpendicular to the direct radiation must be determined and the direct shortwave radiation received by the standing man can be calculated. Then the sum of the shortwave fluxes can be calculated. The diffuse and longwave fluxes can be calculated according to the Höppe formula since they differ little with direction. In the SOLWEIG model the direct shortwave radiation is used as an input. Thus the calculation according to the new methodology is easy to apply, only the solar position needs to be added. The new methodology is tested by model calculations with SOLWEIG and field studies in both high-latitude Gothenburg, Sweden and low-latitude Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The secondary minimum disappears. In Gothenburg at a site with SVF=0.95 the noon depression of Tmrt by the Höppe formula was about 2 °C and there was an overestimation of 1.5-1.7 °C two-three hours before and after noon.differences in summer. In Ouagadougou data from an open site (SVF=0.83) in the dry season the differences were slightly smaller. Sites with lower SVF and much reflected direct shortwave radiation differed less from the Tmrt obtained with the Höppe formula.
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| 63. |
- Holmer, Björn, 1943, et al.
(författare)
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Urban climatic map studies in Sweden: Gothenburg
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Urban Climatic Map: A Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning. - Milton Park : Taylor and Francis. ; , s. 324-342
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 64. |
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| 65. |
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| 66. |
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| 67. |
- Holmer, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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NyLLex: A Novel Resource of Swedish Words Annotated with Reading Proficiency Level
- 2022
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Ingår i: LREC 2022: THIRTEEN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE RESOURCES AND EVALUATION. - : EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA. - 9791095546726 ; , s. 1326-1331
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- What makes a text easy to read or not, depends on a variety of factors. One of the most prominent is, however, if the text contains easy, and avoids difficult, words. Deciding if a word is easy or difficult is not a trivial task, since it depends on characteristics of the word in itself as well as the reader, but it can be facilitated by the help of a corpus annotated with word frequencies and reading proficiency levels. In this paper, we present NyLLex, a novel lexical resource derived from books published by Swedens largest publisher for easy language texts. NyLLex consists of 6,668 entries, with frequency counts distributed over six reading proficiency levels. We show that NyLLex, with its novel source material aimed at individuals of different reading proficiency levels, can serve as a complement to already existing resources for Swedish.
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| 68. |
- Holmer, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Associations Between Sign Language Skills and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Deaf Early Signers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The processing of a language involves a neural language network including temporal, parietal, and frontal cortical regions. This applies to spoken as well as signed languages. Previous research suggests that spoken language proficiency is associated with resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between language regions and other regions of the brain. Given the similarities in neural activation for spoken and signed languages, rsFC-behavior associations should also exist for sign language tasks. In this study, we explored the associations between rsFC and two types of linguistic skills in sign language: phonological processing skill and accuracy in elicited sentence production. Fifteen adult, deaf early signers were enrolled in a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. In addition to fMRI data, behavioral tests of sign language phonological processing and sentence reproduction were administered. Using seed-to-voxel connectivity analysis, we investigated associations between behavioral proficiency and rsFC from language-relevant nodes: bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG). Results showed that worse sentence processing skill was associated with stronger positive rsFC between the left IFG and left sensorimotor regions. Further, sign language phonological processing skill was associated with positive rsFC from right IFG to middle frontal gyrus/frontal pole although this association could possibly be explained by domain-general cognitive functions. Our findings suggest a possible connection between rsFC and developmental language outcomes in deaf individuals.
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| 69. |
- Holmer, Emil, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Computerized Sign Language-Based Literacy Trainingfor Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 1081-4159 .- 1465-7325. ; 22:4, s. 404-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strengthening the connections between sign language and written language may improve reading skills in deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) signing children. The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether computerized sign language-based literacy training improves reading skills in DHH signing children who are learning to read. Further, longitudinal associations between sign language skills and developing reading skills were investigated. Participants were recruited from Swedish state special schools for DHH children, where pupils are taught in both sign language and spoken language. Reading skills were assessed at five occasions and the intervention was implemented in a cross-over design. Results indicated that reading skills improved over time and that development of word reading was predicted by the ability to imitate unfamiliar lexical signs, but there was only weak evidence that it was supported by the intervention. These results demonstrate for the first time a longitudinal link between sign-based abilities and word reading in DHH signing children who are learning to read. We suggest that the active construction of novel lexical forms may be a supramodal mechanism underlying word reading development.
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| 70. |
- Holmer, Emil, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Developmental ease of language understanding model and literacy acquisition : evidence from deaf and hard-of-hearing signing children
- 2020
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Ingår i: Literacy and deaf education. - Washington D.C : Gallaudet University Press. - 1944838678 - 9781944838676 ; , s. 153-173
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In our research on deaf signing children, most of the work is conducted in a swedish context, where we adopt a bio-psychological approach. From a medical point of view, it might be easier to determine the level of hearing loss following an established nomenclature: for example, mild, moderate, moderate severe, severe, and profound. Based on a medical definition of disabling hearing loss, estimated that almost 2% of all the children in the world, corresponding to more than 30 million individuals, are affected.
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