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- Karlsson, Charlie, 1945-, et al.
(author)
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Introduction
- 2010
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In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development.. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781847209320 ; , s. 1-27
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(author)
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Agglomeration Dynamics of Business Services
- 2011
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In: The annals of regional science. - : Springer. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 47:2, s. 373-391
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An important characteristic of the economic development in Europe and North America during the last few decades is a fast expansion of the business-service sector. The present paper aims at modeling the location dynamics of three categories of firms: (i) knowledge-intensive business-service firms, (ii) ordinary business-service firms and other firms, where the latter form the rest of the economy. In the theoretical framework, business-service firms have random-choice preferences and respond in a non-linear way to time distances in their contact efforts to customer firms. Business-service firms make their location decisions in response to local, intra-regional and extra-regional access to market demand. The econometric analysis makes use of information about time distances between zones in urban areas as well as between urban areas in the same agglomeration and between urban areas in different agglomerations. The empirical analysis shows how the number of jobs in the different sectors change in response to accessibility to purchasing power. The estimation results show that the change processes feature non-linear dependencies with varying spatial reach.
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- Johansson, Sara, 1975-
(author)
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Knowledge, Product Differentiation and Trade
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the influence of knowledge on the export performance of firms in different regions. More specifically, this study focuses on the impact of knowledge on the structure of regional export flows, in terms of horizontal and vertical product differentiation, as well as the geographical distribution of export flows. The thesis consists of four separate papers, which contribute to the overall analysis of knowledge, product differentiation and international trade in different ways. The second chapter presents a study of the effects of regional accessibility to R&D on the diversity of export flows with regard to goods, firms and destination markets. Chapter 3 provides an empirical analysis of vertical product differentiation, i.e. differentiation in terms of product quality, and examines the impact of educated labor and R&D on regional comparative advantages in goods of relatively high product quality. Chapter 4 contains a study of how the regional endowment of highly educated workers affects the structure of export flows, i.e. how the endowment of educated workers impacts on the number of product varieties exported, the average price per variety and the average quantity shipped out. The final chapter presents a micro-level analysis of firms’ propensity to participate in international markets and their propensity to expand export activities by introducing new export products or establishing export links with new destination countries. In summary, the empirical results of this thesis convey the message that regional accessibility to knowledge, embodied in highly educated labor and/or developed through R&D activities, plays a fundamental role in shaping the content and structure of regional export flows. More specifically, the present empirical observations suggest that the regional endowment of knowledge stimulates the size of the export base in terms of exporting firms and number of product varieties. The recurring significance of the accessibility variables in explaining spatial export patterns show that the knowledge endowment of a region must be defined in such ways that it captures sources of potential knowledge spillovers from inside as well as outside its own regional boundaries. This outcome shows that regional variations in knowledge endowments originate both in the actual spatial distribution of a nation’s knowledge labor across regions, and in regional differences in the geographical accessibility to internal and external knowledge labor.
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- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(author)
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The Influence of Clustering on MNE location and Innovation in Great Britain
- 2011
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In: Innovation and Multidimensional Entrepreneurship. - : ABM-media AS. - 9789163377471
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper addresses two questions: what, if anything, is the influence of geographicconcentration of economic activity on patterns of foreign direct investment; what is therelationship, if any, between geographic concentration of economic activity, multinationality andinnovation. The paper identifies the consensus view which is emerging in the literature, based onboth theory and evidence, that strong clusters are likely to be attractive for inward directinvestment and that they promote innovation. The paper tests whether this relationship is evidentin Great Britain using data derived from the UK’s Annual Foreign Direct Investment survey andthe UK’s Community Innovation Survey 2007. It addresses a surprising gap in the emergingliterature by also examining the relationship between cluster strength and outward directinvestment, thereby testing Porter’s (1990) claim in The Competitive Advantage of Nations, thatadvantages gained in strong clusters would be the foundations of international competitiveness.The paper also distinguishes between two different types of agglomeration economy, localisationeconomies based on collocation of firms in related lines of activity, and urbanisation economiesbased on the overall concentration of economic activity in a particular region, a distinction mostof the emerging literature in International Business has not made clear. The first set of modelsexamine the propensity to engage in outward direct investment and the geographic pattern offoreign ownership of firms active in Great Britain and find that both are positively related tocluster strength, with localisation economies being more important than urbanisation economies.T wo models of innovation are estimated, the first examines what factors influence firms to beinnovative and the second what influences innovation effort as measured by R&D intensity. Inboth cases there is evidence that regional agglomeration promotes innovation and that there arestronger effects flowing from own industry agglomeration than from broader regional scale.
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