| 41. |
- Bower, Rebekah L., et al.
(författare)
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Mapping the calcitonin receptor in human brain stem
- 2016
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0363-6119 .- 1522-1490. ; 310:9, s. 788-793
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The calcitonin receptor (CTR) is relevant to three hormonal systems: amylin, calcitonin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Receptors for amylin and calcitonin are targets for treating obesity, diabetes, and bone disorders. CGRP receptors represent a target for pain and migraine. Amylin receptors (AMY) are a heterodimer formed by the coexpression of CTR with receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). CTR with RAMP1 responds potently to both amylin and CGRP. The brain stem is a major site of action for circulating amylin and is a rich site of CGRP binding. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of these hormone systems by mapping CTR expression in the human brain stem, specifically the medulla oblongata. Widespread CTR-like immunoreactivity was observed throughout the medulla. Dense CTR staining was noted in several discrete nuclei, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the hypoglossal nucleus, the cuneate nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, the gracile nucleus, and the inferior olivary nucleus. CTR staining was also observed in the area postrema, the lateral reticular nucleus, and the pyramidal tract. The extensive expression of CTR in the medulla suggests that CTR may be involved in a wider range of functions than currently appreciated.
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| 42. |
- Bulhak, A, et al.
(författare)
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Protection against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by PPAR-alpha activation is related to production of nitric oxide and endothelin-1
- 2006
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Ingår i: Basic Research in Cardiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0300-8428 .- 1435-1803. ; 101:3, s. 244-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) have been shown to reduce ischaemia/reperfusion injury. The mechanisms behind this effect are not well known. We hypothesized that activation of PPAR-alpha exerts cardioprotection via a mechanism related to nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). Methods Five groups of anaesthetized open-chest Sprague-Dawley rats were given the PPAR-alpha agonist WY 14643 1 mg/kg (WY; n = 7), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, vehicle for WY; n = 6), the combination of WY and the NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2 mg/kg) (n = 7), L-NNA only (n = 8) or 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl, vehicle for DMSO and L-NNA; n = 8) i.v. before a 30 min period of coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Infarct size (IS), eNOS and iNOS protein and ET-1 mRNA expression were determined. Results There were no haemodynamic differences between the groups during the experiment. The IS was 78 +/- 3% of the area at risk in the DMSO group and 77 +/- 2% in the NaCl group (P = NS). WY reduced IS to 56 +/- 3% (P < 0.001 vs. DMSO group). When WY was administered in combination with L-NNA the cardioprotective effect was abolished (IS 73 +/- 3%, P < 0.01 vs. WY 14643). L-NNA did not affect IS per se (78 +/- 2%, P = NS). The expression of eNOS but not iNOS protein in ischaemic myocardium from rats was increased in the group given WY (P < 0.05). ET-1 mRNA levels were lower in the ischaemic myocardium following WY administration. Conclusion The results suggest that the PPAR-alpha activation protects the rat myocardium against ischaemia/ reperfusion injury via a mechanism related to production of NO, and possibly ET-1.
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| 43. |
- Bömers, Jesper Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-chiasmatic, single injection of autologous blood to induce experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in a rat model
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Visualized Experiments. - : MyJove Corporation. - 1940-087X. ; 2021:172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite advances in treatment over the last decades, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality, largely afflicting a fairly young population. Several animal models of SAH have been developed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms behind SAH and to test pharmacological interventions. The pre-chiasmatic, single injection model in the rat presented in this article is an experimental model of SAH with a predetermined blood volume. Briefly, the animal is anesthetized, intubated, and kept under mechanical ventilation. Temperature is regulated with a heating pad. A catheter is placed in the tail artery, enabling continuous blood pressure measurement as well as blood sampling. The atlantooccipital membrane is incised and a catheter for pressure recording is placed in the cisterna magna to enable intracerebral pressure measurement. This catheter can also be used for intrathecal therapeutic interventions. The rat is placed in a stereotaxic frame, a burr hole is drilled anteriorly to the bregma, and a catheter is inserted through the burr hole and placed just anterior to the optic chiasm. Autologous blood (0.3 mL) is withdrawn from the tail catheter and manually injected. This results in a rise of intracerebral pressure and a decrease of cerebral blood flow. The animal is kept sedated for 30 min and given subcutaneous saline and analgesics. The animal is extubated and returned to its cage. The pre-chiasmatic model has a high reproducibility rate and limited variation between animals due to the pre-determined blood volume. It mimics SAH in humans making it a relevant model for SAH research.
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| 44. |
- Bömers, Jesper Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The MEK Inhibitor Trametinib Improves Outcomes following Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in Female Rats
- 2022
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Ingår i: Pharmaceuticals. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8247. ; 15:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a haemorrhagic stroke that causes approximately 5% of all stroke incidents. We have been working on a treatment strategy that targets changes in cerebrovascular contractile receptors, by blocking the MEK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Recently, a positive effect of trametinib was found in male rats, but investigations of both sexes in pre-clinical studies are an important necessity. In the current study, a SAH was induced in female rats, by autologous blood-injection into the pre-chiasmatic cistern. This produces a dramatic, transient increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) and an acute and prolonged decrease in cerebral blood flow. Rats were then treated with either vehicle or three doses of 0.5 mg/kg trametinib (specific MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor) intraperitoneally at 3, 9, and 24 h after the SAH. The outcome was assessed by a panel of tests, including intracranial pressure (ICP), sensorimotor tests, a neurological outcome score, and myography. We observed a significant difference in arterial contractility and a reduction in subacute increases in ICP when the rats were treated with trametinib. The sensory motor and neurological outcomes in trametinib-treated rats were significantly improved, suggesting that the improved outcome in females is similar to that of males treated with trametinib.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Cao, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Cigarette smoke upregulates rat coronary artery endothelin receptors in vivo.
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cigarette smoking is a strong cardiovascular risk factor and endothelin (ET) receptors are related to coronary artery diseases. The present study established an in vivo secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure model and investigated the hypothesis that cigarette smoke induces ET receptor upregulation in rat coronary arteries and its possible underlying mechanisms.
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| 47. |
- Cao, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Secondhand cigarette smoke exposure causes upregulation of cerebrovascular 5-HT(1B) receptors via the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway in rats.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Physiologica. - : Wiley. - 1748-1716 .- 1748-1708. ; 207:1, s. 183-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: Cigarette smoke exposure increases the risk of stroke. Upregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT(1B) ) receptors is associated with the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. The present study examined the hypothesis that the expression of 5-HT(1B) receptors is altered in brain vessels after secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. METHODS: Rats were exposed to SHS in vivo for 200 min daily for 8 weeks. The contractile responses of isolated cerebral arteries were studies by a sensitive myograph. The mRNA and protein expression for 5-HT(1B) receptors were examined by real-time PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. In addition, the phosphorylation of Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway was evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed that SHS exposure shifted the 5-HT(1B) receptor-mediated concentration-contraction curve toward the left with a markedly increased maximum contraction. Furthermore, there were significant elevations in mRNA level and protein expression of 5-HT(1B) receptors in SHS-exposed rats. Immunostaining revealed that the 5-HT(1B) receptors were localized to the smooth muscle cells of cerebral arteries. SHS was also found to induce the phosphorylation of Raf-1 and ERK1/2 proteins. The administration of a Raf-1 inhibitor GW5074 attenuated the 5-HT(1B) receptor upregulation. CONCLUSION: SHS exposure upregulates cerebrovascular 5-HT(1B) receptors in rats. The receptor upregulation is associated with Raf/ERK/MAPK activation. © 2012 The Authors Acta Physiologica © 2012 Scandinavian Physiological Society.
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| 48. |
- Cao, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Secondhand cigarette smoke induces increased expression of contractile endothelin receptors in rat coronary arteries via a MEK1/2 sensitive mechanism
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1401-7431 .- 1651-2006. ; 55:1, s. 50-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Cigarette smoke, a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, upregulates contractile endothelin (ET) receptors in coronary arteries. The present study examined the effects of second hand cigarette smoke exposure on the contractile endothelin receptors and the role of the MEK1/2 pathway in rat coronary arteries. Design: Rats were exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) for 8 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injection of a MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126 daily for another 4 weeks. Contractile responses of isolated coronary arteries were recorded by a sensitive wire myograph. The receptor protein expression levels were examined by Western blotting. Results: The results showed that SHS in vivo caused increased expression of ET receptors ETA and ETB, and that the MEK1/2 blocker U0126 significantly reversed SHS exposure-increased ETA-mediated contractile responses and protein levels. Similar alterations were observed in ETB receptors. U0126 showed dose-dependent effects on SHS-induced response on contractile property and protein levels of the ETB receptor. However, only the higher dose U0126 (15 mg/kg) had inhibitory effects on the ETA receptor. Conclusions: Taken together, our data show that SHS increases contractile ET receptors and MEK1/2 pathway inhibitor offsets SHS exposure-induced ETA and ETB receptor upregulation in rat coronary arteries.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Cao, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Secondhand smoke exposure induces Raf/ERK/MAPK-mediated upregulation of cerebrovascular endothelin ETA receptors.
- 2011
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Ingår i: BMC Neuroscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2202. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking enhances the risk of stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study established an in vivo rat secondhand cigarette smoking (SHS) model and examined the hypothesis that SHS upregulates endothelin receptors with increased cerebrovascular contraction via the Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. RESULTS: Rats were exposed to SHS for up to 8 weeks. The cerebral artery vasoconstriction was recorded by a sensitive myograph. The mRNA and protein expressions for endothelin receptors in cerebral arteries were studied by real-time PCR and Western blot. Compared to fresh air exposed rats, cerebral arteries from SHS rats exhibited stronger contractile responses (P < 0.05) mediated by endothelin type A (ETA) receptors. The expressions of mRNA and protein for ETA receptors in the cerebral arteries from SHS rats were higher (P < 0.05) than that in control. SHS did not affect endothelin type B (ETB) receptor-mediated contractions, mRNA or protein levels. The results suggest that SHS upregulates ETA, but not ETB receptors in vivo. After SHS exposure, the mRNA levels of Raf-1 and ERK1/2, the protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-Raf-1 and p-ERK1/2 were increased (P < 0.05). Raf-1 inhibitor, GW5074 suppressed the enhanced ETA receptor-mediated contraction, mRNA and protein levels induced by SHS. In addition, GW5074 inhibited the SHS-caused increased mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels of Raf-1 and ERK1/2, suggesting that SHS induces activation of the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS: SHS upregulates cerebrovascular ETA receptors via the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway, which provides novel understanding of mechanisms involved in SHS-associated stroke.
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