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  • Resultat 81461-81470 av 166270
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81461.
  • Klaus, Kathleen, et al. (författare)
  • Land grievances and the mobilization of electoral violence : Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire and Kenya
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 52:5, s. 622-635
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent studies have asked why elites resort to violence, yet many overlook the process and dynamics of mobilizing violence. How do politicians convince their supporters to fight? This article argues that in multi-ethnic and democratizing societies where land and property rights are weak and politicized, land grievances can provide leaders with a powerful tool to organize electoral violence. We develop a theory to show how land grievances can give rise to violent mobilization when leaders frame elections as a threat to the land security of supporters or an opportunity to reclaim land or strengthen land rights. Conversely, land grievances are ineffective when citizens do not believe that elections signal a credible threat to their land security or an opportunity to strengthen land rights. We further specify how the type of land grievance shapes the logic and form of violent action. Grievances based on land insecurity shape a pre-emptive logic of violence, while grievances based on competing land claims often shape an opportunistic logic of electoral violence. The article examines the validity of our theory using a comparative case study between zones of escalation and non-escalation of violence during post-electoral crises in Kenya (2007–08) and Côte d’Ivoire (2010–11). By observing the variation between positive and negative cases, the article identifies factors that foment and constrain the mobilization of election violence.
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81462.
  • Kleber, Janet, et al. (författare)
  • Same numbers, different meanings: How numeracy influences the importance of numbers for pro-social behavior
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 49:4, s. 699-705
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Numerical information often serves as a basis for evaluations, decisions and behavior. In requests for charitable giving, three numerical cues in the donation description are of particular importance: the number of potential recipients of a donation, the total number of people in need, and their proportion. In three studies, we examined the effects of numeracy on the weight given to these numerical cues in donations. Study 1 contrasted the importance of a higher absolute number (of potential recipients and the number of people in need) vs. a higher proportion of recipients. In Study 2, we investigated the effects of the total number of people in need and Study 3 was designed to focus on the impact of the absolute number of potential recipients. Our results revealed a consistent pattern demonstrating that highly numerate individuals were willing to donate more for projects that offered assistance to the greatest proportion of recipients. Conversely, less numerate individuals were insensitive to this proportion; they tended to donate more with increases in both the number of recipients and the total number of people in need. The meaning of numbers in donation decisions and the resulting motivation to help depends on numeric skill.
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81463.
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81464.
  • Kleffner, Jann K. (författare)
  • Complementarity and Auto-Referrals
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: <em>The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court</em>. - Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. - 9789004166554 ; , s. 41-53
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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81465.
  • Kleffner, Jann K. (författare)
  • Complementarity as a Catalyst for Compliance
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Complementary Views on Complementarity. - : T.M.C. Asser Press. - 9789067042185 ; , s. 79-104
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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81466.
  • Kleffner, Jann K. (författare)
  • Peace Treaties
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. - : Oxford University Press.
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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81467.
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81468.
  • Kleffner, Jann, Professor, 1973- (författare)
  • The Legal Fog of an Illusion : Three Reflections on “Organization” and “Intensity” as Criteria for the Temporal Scope of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Law Studies. - : Stockton Center for the Study of International Law of the U.S. Naval War College. - 2375-2831. ; 95, s. 161-178
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The "organization" of the non-State armed group and the "intensity" of the violence between it and its opponent(s) have emerged as the two key criteria to determine the temporal scope of the law of non-international armed conflict. These criteria have served to lift the fog of law in some important respects. Yet, several aspects of the temporal scope of the law of non-international armed conflict remain unsettled. This article addresses three of them, namely the assertion that the factors for ascertaining organization and intensity that have evolved in the jurisprudence of international criminal courts and tribunals are indicative rather than determinative, to whom the criterion of organization is to be applied, and whether the requisite level of intensity of armed violence can be cumulative when multiple organized armed groups are pitted against each other and government forces even though the armed violence that arises in the bilateral relations between two opposing parties does not reach the requisite level of intensity.
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81469.
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81470.
  • Kleffner, Jann, Professor, 1973- (författare)
  • The unilateralization of international humanitarian law
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: International Review of the Red Cross. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1816-3831 .- 1607-5889. ; 104:920-921, s. 2153-2169
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Traditionally, international humanitarian law (IHL) is conceptualized as a body of mutually binding, horizontal international legal rules that are agreed upon by States and that govern the relationships between parties to armed conflicts. Yet, there is discernible evidence that contemporary IHL – and the broader normative environment that pertains to the regulation of armed conflicts in which it is situated – is incorporating elements of unilateralization, manifested in legal and non-legal norms that regulate armed conflicts taking the form of commitments whose validity is not dependent on being reciprocated. This article examines some of the systemic implications of unilateralization of IHL and considers its pitfalls and potential.
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