| 1. |
- Aasa, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Rodenticide screening 2016–2018 Exposures in birds (raptors and gulls) and red foxes
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rodenticides are biocidal products that are used in order to control rats and mice. This screening study aims at investigating whether chemical substances belonging to the group anticoagulant rodenticides can be detected in Swedish non-target biota, and to investigate if the levels are different compared with the results from a previous study.The levels of anticoagulant rodenticides detected in the present screening study are similar to those found in earlier studies in Sweden and elsewhere. The literature indicates that toxic effects can occur in birds at levels > 100 ng/g (liver) whereas the level > 200 ng/g has been proposed to be a threshold level in foxes. Some individuals of raptors (n =2) and several foxes (n = 7) exceed these levels in the present study. These data suggest that anticoagulant rodenticides that are transferred in the food web may cause secondary toxicity in non-target mammals and birds in Sweden. However, no pathology has been performed for the individuals of the present study that can confirm any concentration-effect relationship or reason for mortality.
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| 2. |
- Abbasi, Umar Aftab, et al.
(författare)
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Biological, structural and functional responses of tropical forests to environmental factors
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 276, s. 109792-109792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we hypothesize that the biological, structural and functional attributes of tropical forests respond to water-related climatic and soil nutrient-related factors.Thus, we quantified 27 forest attributes and 20 environmental factors across 189 plots of Sri Lankan tropical forests. Our results suggest that environmental conditions were characterized by both water-related and temperature-related factors, and as such, both coarse-textured and compacted-structured soils determined soil conditions.Forest conditions were characterized by high species-functional diversity, structural complexity and aboveground biomass-related functions. We found strong positive effects of water-related climatic factors followed by temperature-related climatic factors but negligible positive to negative effects of textured-related and nutrient-related soil factors on most of the biological, structural and functional attributes.Overall the biodiversity and carbon stocks of Sri Lankan tropical forests are likely to increase with water-energy balance and improved soil conditions, and thus, studied forests could offset a substantial quantity of anthropogenic carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality which can have both regional and global significance if protected from anthropogenic disturbances.
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| 3. |
- Abbasi, Umar Aftab, et al.
(författare)
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Species α-diversity promotes but β-diversity restricts aboveground biomass in tropical forests, depending on stand structure and environmental factors
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Forestry Research. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 1007-662X .- 1993-0607.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest plays a vital role in the global biogeochemical cycles through a high rate of carbon sequestration and harboring biodiversity. However, local species diversity is declining while also becoming increasingly homogenized across communities. Although effects of local biotic processes (e.g., species α-diversity and stand structural heterogeneity) and environmental factors on aboveground biomass (AGB) have been widely tested, there is a huge knowledge gap for the effect of regional biotic processes (i.e., taxonomic and functional β-diversity) in forests. Here, we hypothesized that regional and local environmental factors along with biotic processes jointly regulate AGB through species shifts in tropical forests.Using piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM), we linked climatic water availability, soil fertility, stand structural heterogeneity (either tree DBH inequality, height inequality, or stand density), species α-diversity, taxonomic or functional β-diversity (and its two components; β-turnover and β-richness), and AGB across 189 inventory plots in tropical forests of Sri Lanka. Soil fertility and climatic water availability shaped local and regional biotic processes. Stand structural heterogeneity promoted species α-diversity but declined β-diversity (but increased β-taxonomic turnover). Species α-diversity and stand structural heterogeneity promoted AGB whereas taxonomic and functional β-diversity declined (but β-taxonomic turnover increased) AGB.The relationships of AGB with species α-diversity and β-diversity varied from significant to nonsignificant positive depending on the specific combinations of stand structural heterogeneity metrics used. This study shows that local biotic processes could increase AGB due to the local and regional niche complementarity effect whereas the regional biotic processes could restrict AGB due to the regional selection or functional redundancy effect under favorable environmental conditions. We argue that biotic homogenization, as well as drought conditions, may have strong divergent impacts on forest functions and that the impacts of tree diversity loss may greatly reduce carbon sequestration.
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| 4. |
- Aggarwal, Rahul, 1994, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of data selection on aquatic ecotoxicity characterization factors for selected persistent and mobile substances
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 29:2, s. 344-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper addresses the lack of ecotoxicity characterization factors (CFs) for persistent and mobile (PM) chemicals in life cycle assessment. The specific aims are (1) to provide CFs for 64 selected chemicals and benchmark them against the USEtox database, (2) to propose an ecotoxicity data harmonization strategy, and (3) to analyze the influence of ecotoxicity data sources and data harmonization strategies. Methods: Sixty-four per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), triazines, and triazoles were selected. An ecotoxicity data harmonization strategy was developed to ensure data consistency. A screening strategy for including transformation products was also developed. Existing CFs in the USEtox organic substances database (version 2.01) were identified, and new CFs were calculated based on available data sources. The USEtox model (version 2.13) was used for calculations, and the collected ecotoxicity data from different sources were varied to test their influence. Results and discussion: The ecotoxicity data harmonization strategy excluded a considerable amount of incompatible data. To the list of 64 chemicals, 3 transformation products were added. Out of the 67 chemicals, experimental ecotoxicity data were available for 47, leading to the use of in silico tools and average values to fill data gaps for 20 chemicals. CFs for 67 chemicals could thus be provided. Comparing CFs calculated based on experimental and estimated ecotoxicity data reveals that the estimated data leads to considerably different CF values. Conclusions: The paper provides strategies for ecotoxicity data harmonization and the inclusion of transformation products. The limited availability of experimental ecotoxicity data and differing results of the applied estimation methods highlight the need for further development of estimation methods. In addition, further development in including transformation products is recommended, which is particularly relevant for PM chemicals.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ahlfors, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Mätning av stresstillstånd hos skogsträd
- 1984
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Luftföroreningar utgör ett hot mot våra skogar, sjöar och på sikt även oss människor. Redan 1981 kunde skador konstateras på 7 % av det tyska skogsbeståndet. Skogskadorna ökar i allt snabbare takt och i området omkring Hamburg har på ett år skadorna på tall ökat från 18-25 % och på gran från 7-12 % (Ny Teknik 1983:39). Det anses ännu inte vetenskapligt bevisat, att luftförorenignar är den primära orsaken till skogsskadorna. Medan vi väntar på hlålfasta bevis fortsätter skogen att dö i accelererande takt. Det står klart för allt fler att något måste göras óch det snabbt. Mot denna bakgrund har IVL fått till uppgift att inventera metoder för fastställande av stresstillstånd hos skogsträd. Vi förutsätter att luftföroreningar kan skada träden och att det går att påvisa stresstillständ hos träden innan synliga skador uppstått. En sammanställnign har gjorts av en rad olika diagnosticeringsmetoder som använts för att undersöka tillståndet hos växter som utsätts för olika typer av stress. Vi gör inte anspråk på att detta ska vara en fullständig katalog över metoder, men den ska spegla främst vad som hittills är gjort inom luftföroreningsforskningen.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ahlgren, Erik, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Transport biofuels in global energy–economy modelling – a review of comprehensive energy systems assessment approaches
- 2017
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Ingår i: GCB Bioenergy. - : Wiley. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 9, s. 1168–1180-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high oil dependence and the growth of energy use in the transport sector have increased the interest in alternative nonfossil fuels as a measure to mitigate climate change and improve energy security. More ambitious energy and environmental targets and larger use of nonfossil energy in the transport sector increase energy–transport interactions and system effects over sector boundaries. While the stationary energy sector (e.g., electricity and heat generation) and the transport sector earlier to large degree could be considered as separate systems with limited interaction, integrated analysis approaches and assessments of energy–transport interactions now grow in importance. In recent years, the scientific literature has presented an increasing number of global energy–economy future studies based on systems modelling treating the transport sector as an integral part of the overall energy system and/or economy. Many of these studies provide important insights regarding transport biofuels. To clarify similarities and differences in approaches and results, the present work reviews studies on transport biofuels in global energy–economy modelling and investigates what future role comprehensive global energy–economy modelling studies portray for transport biofuels in terms of their potential and competitiveness. The results vary widely between the studies, but the resulting transport biofuel market shares are mainly below 40% during the entire time periods analysed. Some of the reviewed studies show higher transport biofuel market shares in the medium (15–30 years) than in the long term (above 30 years), and, in the long-term models, at the end of the modelling horizon, transport biofuels are often substituted by electric and hydrogen cars.
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| 9. |
- Ahling, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Behandling av klorerat avfall.
- 1984
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vid kemiska industrier i Sverige uppkommer för närvarande ca 6000 - 7000 ton klorhaltiga restprodukter per år, som inte kan destrueras inom landet. Ett alternativ till direkt destruktion vore en kemisk reduktion av klorinnehållet i dessa restprodukter. De erhållna deklorinerade produkterna skulle sedan kunna användas som bränsle, t.ex. inom cementindustrin. En genomgång av och enkla, stökiometriska kostnadsberäkningar på tänkbara och i litteraturen föreslagna kemiska deklorineringsmetoder visar att substitution av klor mot hydroxid (eller cyanid) samt reduktion med vätgas är de enda metoder som har förutsättningar att bli ekonomiskt lönsamma. Reduktion med vätgas leder dock till att kloren överförs till klorväte. Deklorineringsförsök i laboratorieskala med en blandning av högklorerade paraffin- och olefinkolväten vid temperaturer upp till 140 C gav otillfredsställande resultat. Med natriumhydroxid och/eller natriumcyanid erhölls ca 50 % deklorinering, med kalciumhydroxid knappt 20 %. Betydligt hårdare betingelser krävs alltså för deklorinering även av icke-aromatiska klorföreningar.
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| 10. |
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