| 1. |
- Dupret, Vincent, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Fossils of early vertebrates and the evolution of the gnathostome face revealed by Synchrotron imaging
- 2013
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In: Programme and Abstracts. - Edinburgh, U.K.. ; , s. 21-21
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cyclostomes and gnathostomes have distinct face patterns. Cyclostomes possess a median nasohypophysial duct, an anterior hypophysis and a short telencephalon, contra gnathostomes possessing a pair of nasal sacs opening externally, a separate posterior hypophysis opening onto the palate and a long telencephalon. Embryonic development also differs. In cyclostomes, premandibular crest cells migrate forwards either side of the nasohypophysial placode, forming an upper lip; in gnathostomes they migrate between the hypophysial and nasal placodes forming the trabecular region. Supraoptic neural crest remains posterior to the nasohypophysial duct in cyclostomes but moves forward to create the nasal capsules in gnathostomes. Fossil stem gnathostomes illustrate a transitional sequence between these two patterns: 1) The galeaspid Shuyu (jawless stem gnathostome): nasohypophysial duct, short telencephalon, and anteriorly oriented hypophysis as in a cyclostome, but paired nasal sacs and hypophysis separated by a rudimentary trabecula. 2) The primitive placoderm Romundina (jawed stem gnathostome): short telencephalon, anteriorly directed hypophysis, trabecular region long and wide, nasal capsule located far behind the tip of the snout but just in front of the orbits. These features are interpreted as uniquely primitive among gnathostomes. The trabeculae of Romundina form an extensive precerebral region resembling the upper lip of extant cyclostomes and Shuyu. The position of the nasal capsule suggests that the supraoptic crest had not migrated forwards. 3) The arthrodire Kujdanowiapsis (a more derived placoderm): short telencephalon and vertically oriented hypophysis. The trabecula has been shortened anteriorly, making the nasal capsule terminal. These positional relationships are maintained in crown gnathostomes.
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| 2. |
- Kersting, J., et al.
(author)
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Effect of Radiotherapy Dose on Outcome in Nonmetastatic Sarcoma
- 2023
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In: Advances in Radiation Oncology. - 2452-1094. ; 8:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: Radiation therapy (RT) is an integral part of Ewing sarcoma (EwS) therapy. The Ewing 2008 protocol recommended RT doses ranging from 45 to 54 Gy. However, some patients received other doses of RT. We analyzed the effect of different RT doses on event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with EwS.Methods and Materials: The Ewing 2008 database included 528 RT-admitted patients with nonmetastatic EwS. Recommended multimodal therapy consisted of multiagent chemotherapy and local treatment consisting of surgery (S & RT group) and/or RT (RT group). EFS and OS were analyzed with uni-and multivariable Cox regression models including known prognostic factors such as age, sex, tumor volume, surgical margins, and histologic response.Results: S & RT was performed in 332 patients (62.9%), and 145 patients (27.5%) received definitive RT. Standard dose =53 Gy (d1) was admitted in 57.8%, high dose of 54 to 58 Gy (d2) in 35.5%, and very high dose > 59 Gy (d3) in 6.6% of patients. In the RT group, RT dose was d1 in 11.7%, d2 in 44.1%, and d3 in 44.1% of patients. Three-year EFS in the S & RT group was 76.6% for d1, 73.7% for d2, and 68.2% for d3 (P = .42) and in the RT group 52.9%, 62.5%, and 70.3% (P = .63), respectively. Multivariable Cox regression revealed age > 15 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63-4.38) and nonradical margins (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.05-2.93) for the S & RT group (sex, P = .96; histologic response, P = .07; tumor volume, P = .50; dose, P = .10) and large tumor volume (HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.21-4.0) for the RT group as independent factors (dose, P = .15; age, P = .08; sex, P = .40).Conclusions: In the combined local therapy modality group, treatment with higher RT dose had an effect on EFS, whereas higher dose of radiation when treated with definitive RT was associated with an increased OS. Indications for selection biases for dosage were found. Upcoming trials will assess the value of different RT doses in a randomized manner to control for potential selection bias.
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| 3. |
- Wolf, Max, et al.
(author)
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Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities.
- 2007
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 447:7144, s. 581-4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years evidence has been accumulating that personalities are not only found in humans but also in a wide range of other animal species. Individuals differ consistently in their behavioural tendencies and the behaviour in one context is correlated with the behaviour in multiple other contexts. From an adaptive perspective, the evolution of animal personalities is still a mystery, because a more flexible structure of behaviour should provide a selective advantage. Accordingly, many researchers view personalities as resulting from constraints imposed by the architecture of behaviour (but see ref. 12). In contrast, we show here that animal personalities can be given an adaptive explanation. Our argument is based on the insight that the trade-off between current and future reproduction often results in polymorphic populations in which some individuals put more emphasis on future fitness returns than others. Life-history theory predicts that such differences in fitness expectations should result in systematic differences in risk-taking behaviour. Individuals with high future expectations (who have much to lose) should be more risk-averse than individuals with low expectations. This applies to all kinds of risky situations, so individuals should consistently differ in their behaviour. By means of an evolutionary model we demonstrate that this basic principle results in the evolution of animal personalities. It simultaneously explains the coexistence of behavioural types, the consistency of behaviour through time and the structure of behavioural correlations across contexts. Moreover, it explains the common finding that explorative behaviour and risk-related traits like boldness and aggressiveness are common characteristics of animal personalities.
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