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- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Activation of social norms in social dilemmas: A review.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 7th Nordic Environmental Social Science Research Conference, Göteborg, Sweden, 15-17 June 2005.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taken rational choice theory for granted, cooperation in social dilemmas may be seen as mysterious. In one-shot dilemmas where subjects unknown to one another interact and make their decisions anonymously, cooperation could even been regarded as lunacy. Several authors have challenged this view. Research has also identified various factors that imply why people cooperate or defect in social dilemmas and what motivations that might guide the decision in one way or the other. Here, a closer look will be taken at social norms as a reason for departure from rational choice, a factor that rarely has been recognized in the social dilemma literature. Social norms imply that people should manifest a prescribed behaviour or not manifest a proscribed behaviour. Furthermore, social norms are often guiding behaviour in specific contexts, and many times they need to be activated. Such an activation process is often unconscious and once a norm has been activated, people tend to keep following the norm that has been primed. We wish to add to the social dilemma literature by suggesting what kinds of norms that are likely to be activated under different conditions such as one-shot vs. repeated dilemmas, but also separate domains of social life.
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| 2. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Fair and actual degrees of cooperation: Effects of others’ behavior and temporal separation of responses
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at “The 11th international conference on social dilemmas”, Krakow, Poland..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of the present experiment were to investigate what information people in a public good dilemma base their ratings of fair cooperation rates on, and whether they tailor their ratings of fairness and their behavior to fit each other. Results indicate that the high correlations between fair and actual cooperation rates observed in previous research are misleading. When asked about fair de-grees of cooperation prior to making the own decision, people tailor their re-sponses. When the measures are separated in time, the correlations become more modest. Results also demonstrate that people use others’ behavior to determine what a fair degree of cooperation is
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| 3. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Habitual and value-guided consumer behaviour.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 14th General Meeting of EAESP, Würtzburg, Germany, 19-23 July 2005.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumer behaviour may be more or less guided by deliberate processes. In a deliberate phase, people are more attentive to, and, given the right circumstances, more influenced by values in their choice of products. When in a less deliberate phase consumers may fall back on habits and choose in a routine manner. This prediction was tested in a computer-based experiment, where participants purchased products in a simulated shop. They were randomly assigned to one of eight groups defined by whether they purchased under time pressure or not, whether an environmental value was primed or not, and whether ”organic food”-labels were salient or not. A discreetly placed “organic food”-poster at the entrance of the store was used to prime, or unobtrusively remind the consumer of an environmental value. Participants were unaware of this manipulation. As predicted, time pressure increased the likelihood of a habitual choice (as measured in a questionnaire) and inhibited directly value-guided choices. In addition, the poster, in combination with salient “organic food”-labels on the products, increased the likelihood of a choice directly guided by environmental values, but only under no time pressure.
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| 4. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Habitual and value-guided purchase behaviour
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ambio: a journal of the human environment. ; 34:4/5, s. 360-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Society increasingly requests that individuals adopt environmentally benign be-haviour. Information campaigns purported to change people’s attitudes are often regarded as a pre-requisite to install such changes. While such information may be a necessary step, it is not a sufficient condition. We argue that much everyday behaviour with environmental consequences is habitual in kind, and that little attention is given to information directed toward changing these habitual behav-iours. In other instances, behaviour is guided by values in a more reflective proc-ess. However, other information besides environmental consequences may draw a person’s attention and affect behavioural choice. Using surveys and experimental studies targeting consumer behaviour, we have studied under what conditions different kinds of information is likely to influence people with varying levels of environmental concern. Based on results from these studies, implications for be-havioural change are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Religious values and environmental concern: Harmony and detachment
- 2005
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Ingår i: Social Science Quarterly. ; 86:1, s. 178-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thought that environmental concern is rooted in religious beliefs and values has been raised by many writers. Different claims have been made about whether the nature of this relationship is positive or negative, and empirical evidence is mixed. In line with research on attitudes and values, the objective of this study is to examine the hypothesis that unless religious values are mentally accessible, they will not affect judgments of environmental issues. Two environmental is-sues, genetically modified crops and more traditional environmental issues, for example, air pollution from traffic, are chosen to represent accessibility and non-accessibility, respectively. A two-wave data set from a national survey is ana-lyzed. Results support the suggestion that religious values will affect the judg-ment of environmental threats of the first, but not the second issue. In conclu-sion, these findings suggest that situational cues partly determine which values embodied in religion that will influence environmental attitudes.
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| 6. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Values and habits: A dual-process model. In S
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environment, information and consumer behaviour. - : Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. ; , s. 33-49
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Earlier research has shown that there is a relationship between life values and importance attached to information, as well as a relationship between impor-tance attached to information and preference change. This is true also for the en-vironmental domain. Given that a person holds environmental values to be cen-tral, he or she is more likely to attach importance to environmental product in-formation than a person who’s environmental values are more peripheral and, as a consequence, also more likely to choose eco-labelled products. Our own research points in the same direction. We also extend earlier findings showing that nega-tive information (this is bad for the environment) carries greater weight than positive information (this is better for the environment) for consumers who hold environmental values to be of moderate importance. However, product choice is not always guided by a deliberate process. Our data show that consumers may also fall back on habits and choose in a routine manner. When this is the case past behaviour, or habits, mediates the effect of value centrality on choice of eco-labelled products. A dual-process model is introduced to account for these find-ings.
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| 7. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Psychology and social planning
- 2005
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Ingår i: Psychology in our times. - Stockholm : Natur och kultur. - 9127094200 ; , s. 549-562
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Society embraces various collective resources such as education, health care, infra structure, and natural resources. To preserve collective resources, citizens must be prepared to cooperate and voluntarily contribute to their maintenance or realization. However, cooperation may require that individuals exercise some personal restraint. Such conflicts between collective and individual interests are in psychology referred to as social dilemmas. Building upon experimental research, this chapter highlights under what conditions people are willing to serve the common good.
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