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61.
  • Sellström, Eva, et al. (författare)
  • Are there differences in birth weight between neighbourhoods in a Nordic welfare state : a 10 year cohort study
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 7, s. 267-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background. The objective of this cohort study was to examine the effect on birth weight of living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in a Nordic welfare state. Birth weight is a health indicator known to be sensitive to political and welfare state conditions. No former studies on urban neighbourhood differences regarding mean birth weight have been carried out in a Nordic country. Methods. A register based on individual data on children�s birth weight and maternal risk factors was used. Neighbourhood characteristics, i.e. aggregated measures on ethnicity and income, were also included. Connections between individual- and neighbourhood-level determinants and the outcome were analysed using multi-level regression technique. The study covered six hundred and ninety-six neighbourhoods in the three major cities of Sweden, Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö, during 1992-2001. The majority of neighbourhoods had a population of 4 000�10 000 inhabitants. An average of 500 births per neighbourhood were analysed in this study. Results. Living in a deprived neighbourhood in Sweden did not add to the more proximal risk of giving birth to lower weight infants connected to individual socioeconomic status. Infants born in homogenous ethnic neighbourhoods weighed 69 g less than did infants born in homogeneous Swedish neighbourhoods. No independent effect of neighbourhood income was observed. ICC was less than 1 per cent indicating that most variability in birth weight was on the individual level. Conclusions. Social policies in Sweden, including universal social benefits, gender equality seen in high female labour market participation, and a general and free maternal health care, could possibly explain the non-existent differences in mean birth weight in Swedish urban neighbourhoods.
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62.
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63.
  • Stenwall, Ewa, et al. (författare)
  • Encountering the older confused patient : professional carers' experiences
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0283-9318 .- 1471-6712. ; 21:4, s. 515-522
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The study's rationale: Confusion is a common condition among older patients and often a fearful experience. Opinions vary as to how to communicate with and care for confused patients and professional carers often find the patients' situation almost as distressing as the patients' themselves do. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to describe professional carers' experiences of their encounters with older confused patients. Methodological design and justification: Data was collected from interviews with 10 professional carers working on a ward specializing in the care of older confused patients. A descriptive phenomenological research approach was used to gather knowledge of professional carers' experiences of encounters with older confused patients. Ethical issues and approval: A Regional Board of Research Ethics granted ethical permission for the study. The appropriate ethical principles were followed. The participants were contacted personally and received a letter providing information on the study. Written consent was requested before the interview. If needed, the participants were able to get in contact with the staff health service for a follow-up after the interview. Names or places have been changed in order to ensure confidentiality. Results: The encounter with the confused patient is experienced as an encounter with an unfamiliar person, where the patients' actions and words are unforeseeable and with a lack of immediate trust. The essential meaning is further illuminated by the meaning constituents: the unforeseeable encounter, always being on guard and using oneself as a tool. Relevance to clinical practice: This paper focuses on the importance of encouraging professional carers to pay attention to the complexity of the encounter with the confused patient, reflecting upon their own behaviour within these encounters and the importance of knowledge of the patient's preferred senses and life stories. Caring for confused patients involves a great responsibility where both the professional carers and the patients are vulnerable and exposed.
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64.
  • Swenne, C.L., et al. (författare)
  • Patients' experiences of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft procedure
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. - 1401-7431 .- 1651-2006. - 1401-7431 ; 41:4, s. 255-264
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Few studies have focussed on patients' experiences of and suffering due to mediastinitis following Coronary Artery by-pass Graft ( CABG). Mediastinitis creates a complex and invasive experience for the patient with prolonged hospitalisation, and would be expected to be a significant stressor. The aim of the present study was to capture patients' experiences of the medical and nursing care they received for mediastinitis following CABG. Content analysis revealed three themes with regard to how the patients coped with the stress and threats of mediastinitis and its treatment and how they thought it would influence their future life. A first theme centred on physical and psychological discomfort and impact on autonomy. The staff's medical knowledge and the quality of nursing care as well as the patients' understanding of the situation influenced their experience. A second theme was how patients dealt with perceived danger and stress. Coping strategies such as problem solving, information seeking, dissociation, distraction, minimisation and expression of emotion were used to handle the situations. The third theme comprised the patients' belief that the mediastinitis would not affect the outcome of the CABG procedure, even though their confidence in this was influenced by uncertainty about the rehabilitation process.
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65.
  • Tabrizi, Fariborz, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of left bundle branch block on long-term mortality in a population with heart failure
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 28:20, s. 2449-2455
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the independent contribution of left bundle branch block (LBBB) on long-term mortality in a large cohort with symptomatic heart failure (HF) requiring hospitalization. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied a prospective cohort of 21 685 cases of symptomatic HF requiring hospitalization in the Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive care Admissions in 1995-2003. Long-term mortality was evaluated by Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for multiple covariates that could influence long-term prognosis. LBBB was present in 20% (4395 of 21 685) of HF admissions. Patients with LBBB had a higher prevalence of cardiac comorbid conditions than patients with no LBBB. 1-, 5-, and 10-year mortality was 31.5 vs. 28.4%, 69.3 vs. 61.3%, and 90.1 vs. 84.7% for HF patients with and without respectively LBBB. When adjusting for comorbidity, LBBB was associated with increased 5-year mortality (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.10-1.35; P < 0.001). When left ventricular ejection fraction was included in the analysis LBBB had no longer any independent influence on 5-mortality (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.62-1.56; P = 0.953). CONCLUSION: LBBB occurs in 1/5 in HF patients requiring hospitalization and is associated with a very high mortality. However, the high long-term mortality appears to be caused by cardiac comorbidities and myocardial dysfunction rather than the LBBB per se.
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66.
  • Thuresson, Marie, et al. (författare)
  • Thoughts, actions, and factors associated with prehospital delay in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Heart & Lung. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0147-9563 .- 1527-3288. ; 36:6, s. 398-409
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective The objective was to study patients’ interpretations, thoughts, and actions after symptom onset in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in total and in relation to gender, age, history of coronary artery disease, type of syndrome, and residential area and its influence on prehospital delay. Setting We performed a national survey comprising intensive cardiac care units at 11 hospitals in Sweden. Method A total of 1939 patients with diagnosed ACS and symptom onset outside hospital completed a questionnaire containing standardized questions within 3 days after admission. Results Three-quarters of the patients interpreted their symptoms as cardiac in origin, and the most common reason was that they knew someone who had had an acute myocardial infarction. The majority contacted a family member, whereas only 3% directly called for an ambulance. Interpreting the symptoms as cardiac in origin and severe pain were major reasons for deciding to seek medical care. Approaching someone after symptom onset and the belief that the symptoms were cardiac in origin were factors associated with a shorter prehospital delay, whereas taking medication to relieve pain resulted in the opposite. The reaction pattern was influenced by gender, age, a history of coronary artery disease, and the type of ACS, but to a lesser extent by residential area. Conclusions Interpreting symptoms as cardiac in origin and approaching someone after symptom onset were major reasons for a shorter prehospital delay in ACS.
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67.
  • Tinghög, Petter, et al. (författare)
  • To what extent may the association between immigrant status and mental illness be explained by socioeconomic factors?
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 42:12, s. 990-996
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background  Immigrants in Sweden have a higher rate of mental illness than the native Swedes. This study investigated to what extent the association between immigrant status and mental illness can be explained by a different distribution of known risk factors for impaired mental health between groups of immigrants and persons born in Sweden. Methods  The study is based on data from the Swedish PART-study, designed to identify risk factors for, and social consequences of, mental illness. The study population consists of a random sample of 10,423 Swedish citizens, whereof 1,109 were immigrants. The data was collected in the year 2000. The immigrants were divided into three groups based on country of origin (Scandinavians born outside Sweden, Europeans born outside Scandinavia, non-Europeans). The occurrence of mental illness among immigrants and native Swedes were compared not adjusting and adjusting for indicators of socioeconomic advantage/disadvantage (education, income, labour market position, etc). Mental illness was approximated with the WHO (ten) wellbeing index scale and depressive symptoms were measured with the major depression inventory scale (MDI). Results   Immigrants’ excess risk for low subjective wellbeing was completely accounted for by adjustment for known risk factors in all the immigrant groups. However, social-economic disadvantages could not account for the non-European immigrants’ higher prevalence of depression (MDI), although the increased relative risk found in univariate analyses was substantially reduced. Conclusions  The findings in this study suggest that the association between immigrant status and mental illness appears above all to be an effect of a higher prevalence of social and economic disadvantage.
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68.
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69.
  • Wallensten, Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Surveillance of influenza A virus in migratory waterfowl in northern Europe
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Emerging Infectious Diseases. - 1080-6040 .- 1080-6059. - 1080-6040 ; 13:3, s. 404-411
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We conducted large-scale, systematic sampling of influenza type A virus in migratory waterfowl (mostly mallards [Anas platyrhynchos]) at Ottenby Bird Observatory, southeast Sweden. As with previous studies, we found a higher prevalence in fall than spring, and among juveniles compared with adults. However, in contrast to other studies, we found that prevalence in spring was sometimes high (mean 4.0%, highest 9.5%). This finding raises the possibility that ducks are capable of perpetuating influenza A virus of different subtypes and subtype combinations throughout the year and from 1 year to the next. Isolation of the H5 and H7 subtypes was common, which suggests risk for transmission to sensitive domestic animals such as poultry. We argue that wild bird screening can function as a sentinel system, and we give an example of how it could have been used to forecast a remote and deadly outbreak of influenza A in poultry.
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70.
  • Naucler, Pontus, et al. (författare)
  • Human papillomavirus and Papanicolaou tests to screen for cervical cancer.
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - Boston, Massachusetts : Massachusetts medical society. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 357:16, s. 1589-97
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Screening for cervical cancer based on testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the sensitivity of detection of high-grade (grade 2 or 3) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, but whether this gain represents overdiagnosis or protection against future high-grade cervical epithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer is unknown. Methods In a population-based screening program in Sweden, 12,527 women 32 to 38 years of age were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to have an HPV test plus a Papanicolaou (Pap) test (intervention group) or a Pap test alone (control group). Women with a positive HPV test and a normal Pap test result were offered a second HPV test at least 1 year later, and those who were found to be persistently infected with the same high-risk type of HPV were then offered colposcopy with cervical biopsy. A similar number of double-blinded Pap smears and colposcopies with biopsy were performed in randomly selected women in the control group. Comprehensive registry data were used to follow the women for a mean of 4.1 years. The relative rates of grade 2 or 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer detected at enrollment and at subsequent screening examinations were calculated. Results At enrollment, the proportion of women in the intervention group who were found to have lesions of grade 2 or 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer was 51% greater (95% confidence interval [CI], 13 to 102) than the proportion of women in the control group who were found to have such lesions. At subsequent screening examinations, the proportion of women in the intervention group who were found to have grade 2 or 3 lesions or cancer was 42% less (95% CI, 4 to 64) and the proportion with grade 3 lesions or cancer was 47% less (95% CI, 2 to 71) than the proportions of control women who were found to have such lesions. Women with persistent HPV infection remained at high risk for grade 2 or 3 lesions or cancer after referral for colposcopy. Conclusions The addition of an HPV test to the Pap test to screen women in their mid-30s for cervical cancer reduces the incidence of grade 2 or 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer detected by subsequent screening examinations.
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