| 1. |
- Begum, Shahina, et al.
(author)
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Towards a Compositional Service Architecture for Real-Time Cloud Robotics
- 2016
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In: ACM SIGBED Review. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1551-3688. ; , s. 63-64
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we present our ongoing work towards a compositional service architecture that integrates cloud technology for computational capacity targeting real-time robotics applications. In particular we take a look at the challenges inherent within the data center where the services are executing. We outline characteristics of the services used in the real-time cloud robotics application, along with the service management and corresponding task model used to execute services. We identify several key central challenges that must be addressed towards integrating cloud technology in real-time robotics.
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| 2. |
- Becker, Matthias, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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A Many-Core based Execution Framework for IEC 61131-3
- 2015
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In: IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. ; , s. 4525-4530
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Programmable logic controllers are widely used for the control of automationsystems. The standard IEC 61131-3 defines the execution model as well as theprogramming languages for such systems. Nowadays, actuators and sensorsconnect to the programmable logic controller via automation buses. While suchbuses, as well as the sensors and actuators, become more and more powerful, ashift away from the current distributed operation of automation systems, closeto the field level, becomes possible. Instead, execution of complex controlfunctions can be relocated to more powerful hardware, and technologies. Thispaper presents an execution framework for IEC 61131-3, based on a many-coreprocessors. The presented execution model exploits the characteristics of theIEC 61131-3 applications as well as the characteristics of the many-core processor,yielding a predictable execution. We present the platform architectureand an algorithm to allocate a number of IEC 61131-3 conform applications.Experimental as well as simulation based evaluation is provided.
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| 3. |
- Becker, Matthias, et al.
(author)
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Dynamic Power Management for Thermal Control of Many-Core Real-Time Systems
- 2014
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In: Sigbed Review. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1551-3688. ; 11:3, s. 26-29
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many-Core systems, processors incorporating numerous cores interconnected by a Network on Chip (NoC), provide the computing power needed by future applications. High power density caused by the steadily shrinking transistor size, which is still following Moore's law, leads to a number of problems such as overheating cores, affecting processor reliability and lifetime. Embedded real-time systems are exposed to a changing ambient temperature and thus need to adapt their configuration in order to keep the individual core temperature below critical values. %Targeting embedded real-time systems, systems need to adapt to changing environments. In our approach a hysteresis controller is implemented on each core, triggering a redistribution of the cores and the transition into idle state allowing the core to cool down. We propose two approaches, one global and one local approach, to redistribute the tasks and relive overheating cores during runtime. We evaluate the two proposed approaches by comparing them against each other based on simulations.
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| 4. |
- Becker, Matthias, 1986-
(author)
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Efficient Resource Management for Many-Core based Industrial Real-Time Systems
- 2015
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The increased complexity of today’s industrial embedded systems stands inneed for more computational power while most systems must adhere to a restrictedenergy consumption, either to prolong the battery lifetime or to reduceoperational costs. The many-core processor is therefore a natural fit. Due tothe simple architecture of the compute cores, and therefore their good analyzability,such processors are additionally well suited for real-time applications.In our research, we focus on two particular problems which need to be addressedin order to pave the way into the many-core era. The first area is powerand thermal aware execution frameworks, where we present different energyaware extensions to well known load balancing algorithms, allowing them todynamically scale the number of active cores depending on their workload.In contrast, an additional framework is presented which balances workloadsto minimize temperature gradients on the die. The second line of works focuseson industrial standards in the face of massively parallel platforms, wherewe address the automotive and automation domain. We present an executionframework for IEC 61131-3 applications, allowing the consolidation of severalIEC 61131-3 applications on the same platform. Additionally, we discussseveral architectural options for the AUTOSAR software architecture on suchmassively parallel platforms.
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| 5. |
- Becker, Matthias, et al.
(author)
-
Increased Reliability of Many-Core Platforms through Thermal Feedback Control
- 2014
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In: Performance, Power and Predictability of Many-Core Embedded Systems 3PMCES'14. - Dresden, Germany.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we present a low overhead thermal management approach to increase reliability of many-core embedded real-time systems. Each core is controlled by a feedback controller. We adapt the utilization of the core in order to decrease the dynamic power consumption and thus the corresponding heat development. Sophisticated control mechanisms allow us to migrate the load in advance, before reaching critical temperature values and thus we can migrate in a safe way with a guarantee to meet all deadlines.
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| 6. |
- Becker, Matthias, et al.
(author)
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Mapping Real-Time Tasks onto Many-Core Systems considering Message Flows
- 2014
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In: Proceedings of the Work-in-Progress Session of the 20th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. - Berlin, Germany. ; , s. 17-18
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work we focus on the task mapping problem for many-core real-time systems. The growing number of cores connected by a Network-on-Chip (NoC) calls for sophisticated mapping techniques to meet the growing demands of real-time applications. Hardware should be used in an efficient way such that unnecessary resource usage is avoided. Because of the NP-hardness of the problem, heuristic and meta-heuristic techniques are used to find good solutions. We further consider periodic communication between tasks and we focus on a static mapping solution.
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| 7. |
- Faragardi, Hamid Reza, et al.
(author)
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A resource efficient framework to run automotive embedded software on multi-core ECUs
- 2018
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In: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 139, s. 64-83
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increasing functionality and complexity of automotive applications requires not only the use of more powerful hardware, e.g., multi-core processors, but also efficient methods and tools to support design decisions. Component-based software engineering proved to be a promising solution for managing software complexity and allowing for reuse. However, there are several challenges inherent in the intersection of resource efficiency and predictability of multi-core processors when it comes to running component-based embedded software. In this paper, we present a software design framework addressing these challenges. The framework includes both mapping of software components onto executable tasks, and the partitioning of the generated task set onto the cores of a multi-core processor. This paper aims at enhancing resource efficiency by optimizing the software design with respect to: 1) the inter-software-components communication cost, 2) the cost of synchronization among dependent transactions of software components, and 3) the interaction of software components with the basic software services. An engine management system, one of the most complex automotive sub-systems, is considered as a use case, and the experimental results show a reduction of up to 11.2% total CPU usage on a quad-core processor, in comparison with the common framework in the literature.
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| 8. |
- Faragardi, Hamid Reza, et al.
(author)
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An efficient scheduling of AUTOSAR runnables to minimize communication cost in multi-core systems
- 2014
-
In: 2014 7th International Symposium on Telecommunications, IST 2014. - 9781479953592 ; , s. 41-48
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The AUTOSAR consortium has developed as the worldwide standard for automotive embedded software systems. From a processor perspective, AUTOSAR was originally developed for single-core processor platforms. Recent trends have raised the desire for using multi-core processors to run AUTOSAR software. However, there are several challenges in reaching a highly efficient and predictable design of AUTOSAR-based embedded software on multi-core processors. In this paper a solution framework comprising both the mapping of runnables onto a set of tasks and the scheduling of the generated task set on a multi-core processor is suggested. The goal of the work presented in this paper is to minimize the overall inter-runnable communication cost besides meeting all corresponding timing and precedence constraints. The proposed solution framework is evaluated and compared with an exhaustive method to demonstrate the convergence to an optimal solution. Since the exhaustive method is not applicable for large size instances of the problem, the proposed framework is also compared with a well-known meta-heuristic algorithm to substantiate the capability of the frameworks to scale up. The experimental results clearly demonstrate high efficiency of the solution in terms of both communication cost and average processor utilization.
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| 9. |
- Faragardi, Hamid Reza, 1987-
(author)
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Optimizing Timing-Critical Cloud Resources in a Smart Factory
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis addresses the topic of resource efficiency in the context of timing critical components that are used in the realization of a Smart Factory.The concept of the smart factory is a recent paradigm to build future production systems in a way that is both smarter and more flexible. When it comes to realization of a smart factory, three principal elements play a significant role, namely Embedded Systems, Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing. In a smart factory, efficient use of computing and communication resources is a prerequisite not only to obtain a desirable performance for running industrial applications, but also to minimize the deployment cost of the system in terms of the size and number of resources that are required to run industrial applications with an acceptable level of performance. Most industrial applications that are involved in smart factories, e.g., automation and manufacturing applications, are subject to a set of strict timing constraints that must be met for the applications to operate properly. Such applications, including underlying hardware and software components that are used to run the application, constitute a real-time system. In real-time systems, the first and major concern of the system designer is to provide a solution where all timing constraints are met. To do so we need a time-predictable IoT/Cloud Computing framework to deal with the real-time constraints that are inherent in industrial applications running in a smart factory. Afterwards, with respect to the time predictable framework, the number of required computing and communication resources can and should be optimized such that the deployed system is cost efficient. In this thesis, to investigate and present solutions that provide and improve the resource efficiency of computing and communication resources in a smart factory, we conduct research following three themes: (i) multi-core embedded processors, which are the key element in terms of computing components embedded in the machinery of a smart factory, (ii) cloud computing data centers, as the supplier of a massive data storage and a large computational power, and(iii) IoT, for providing the interconnection of computing components embedded in the objects of a smart factory. Each of these themes are targeted separately to optimize resource efficiency. For each theme, we identify key challenges when it comes to achieving a resource-efficient design of the system. We then formulate the problem and propose solutions to optimize the resource efficiency of the system, while satisfying all timing constraints reflected in the model. We then propose a comprehensive resource allocation mechanism to optimize the resource efficiency in the whole system while considering the characteristics of each of these research themes. The experimental results indicate a clear improvement when it comes to timing-critical IoT / Cloud Computing resources in a smart factory. At the level of multi-core embedded devices, the total CPU usage of a quad-core processor is shown to be improved by 11.2%. At the level of Cloud Computing, the number of cloud servers that are required to execute a given set of real-time applications is shown to be reduced by 25.5%. In terms of network components that are used to collect sensor data, our proposed approach reduces the total deployment cost of thesystem by 24%. In summary these results all contribute towards the realization of a future smart factory.
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| 10. |
- Hallmans, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Challenges in providing sustainable analytic of system of systems with long life time
- 2021
-
In: 2021 16th International Conference of System of Systems Engineering (SoSE). - 9781665444545 ; , s. 69-74
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Embedded systems are today often self-sufficient systems with limited communication. However, this traditional view of an embedded system is changing rapidly. Embedded systems are nowadays evolving, e.g., an evolution pushed by the increased functional gain introduced with the concept of System of Systems (SoS) that is connecting multiple subsystems to achieve a combined functionality and/or information of a higher value. In such a SoS the subsystems will have to serve a dual purpose in a) the initial purpose that the subsystem was originally designed and deployed for, e.g., control and protection of the physical assets of a critical infrastructure system that could be up and running for 30-40 years, and b) at the same time provide information to a higher-level system for a potential future increase of system functionality as technology matures and/or new opportunities are provided by, e.g., greater analytics capabilities. In this paper, within the context of a “dual purpose use” of a) and b), we bring up three central challenges related to i) information gathering, ii) life-cycle management, and iii) data governance, and we propose directions for solutions to these challenges that need to be evaluated already at design time.
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