| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
- Gifford, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Temporal pessimism and spatial optimism in environmental assessments: An 18-nation study
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944. ; 29, s. 1-12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies.
|
|
| 23. |
|
|
| 24. |
- Grankvist, G., et al.
(författare)
-
The Impact of Environmental Labelling on Consumer Preference: Negative vs. Positive Labels.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of Consumer Policy. ; 27, s. 213-230
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eco-labels in use today signify environmentally benign outcomes: "Choose this product, it is better for the environment than the average product." Another strategy would be to indicate negative outcomes with the purpose of trying to persuade consumers to avoid a product: "Do not choose this product, it is worse for the environment than the average product." In a computer-based experiment, it was investigated how these two types of labels affected preference for some everyday products. Individuals who had a weak or no interest in environmental issues were unaffected by either kind of label. Individuals with an intermediate interest in environmental issues were more affected by a negative label than by a positive label. Individuals with a strong interest in environmental protection were equally affected by the two kinds of labels.
|
|
| 25. |
- Granqvist, G, et al.
(författare)
-
The impact of environmental information on professional purchasers' choice of products
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Business Strategy and the Environment. ; 16, s. 421-429
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Professional food purchasers are an important group of people since they influence what alternatives of a food product consumers will have the possibility to choose between. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inclination among professional purchasers to choose food products associated with more benign environmental consequences. Information about product price, total use of energy, emission of greenhouse gases and use of pesticides associated with production and consumption of one kilogram of minced beef and fresh apples was varied systematically in order to study the relative influence on product preference. Product price was found to influence product preference more than any of the three environmentally related factors. Introduction of a labelling system that indicated whether the environmental impacts associated with a food product during its life cycle were better or worse than an average product partly increased the effect of environmental information
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Gustafsson, Mathias Petter, 1970, et al.
(författare)
-
Managing uncertain common resources
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Resolving social dilemmas: Dynamic, structural, and intergroup aspects. - 9781138009370 ; , s. 219-225
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 28. |
- Gustafsson, Mathias Petter, 1970, et al.
(författare)
-
Outcome-desirability bias in resource management problems
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Thinking and Reasoning. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1464-0708 .- 1354-6783. ; 5:4, s. 327-337
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sequences of numbers representing prior resource size were presented to participants in a common-pool resource dilemma. The numbers were sampled from uniform probability distributions with either a low variance (low resource uncertainty) or a high variance (high resource uncertainty). Presentations were both sequential and simultaneous. Three groups of 16 undergraduates either estimated the size of the resource when it did not represent value to them; requested an amount from the resource, identified with a sum of money, when the outcome of the requests only depended on resource size; or requested from the resource (sum of money) when the outcome of the requests depended on both resource size and how much others in a group requested. In support of an individual outcome-desirability bias due to selective recall of the number sequences, after sequential presentation larger requests were observed when resource uncertainty was high than when it was low. No effects of resource uncertainty or presentation were found on the estimates of resource size. Whether or not the outcome of the requests depended on others' requests made little difference.
|
|
| 29. |
- Gustafsson, Mathias Petter, 1970, et al.
(författare)
-
Overharvesting of resources of unknown size
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918. ; 103:1-2, s. 47-64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two resource-dilemma experiments participants were free to request an amount from an available resource whose size was a random variable with a uniform distribution either within a small interval (low resource uncertainty) or within a large interval (high resource uncertainty). In Experiment 1, one group of 20 undergraduates guessed the size of the resource as well as rated how confident they were. In three other groups equal numbers of undergraduates requested an amount which they would receive if it did not exceed the available resource. In one of these groups the outcome was only dependent on resource size, whereas in the remaining groups the outcome also depended on the requests by four other unfamiliar subjects who were either real or imaginary. Partially supporting a perceptual-bias explanation, subjects were in all groups found to overestimate or overharvest when resource uncertainty increased. Yet, an optimism or outcome-desirability bias explanation was maintained since the requests increased more with resource uncertainty than did the guesses whether or not the outcome depended on otherś requests. Experiment 2 employed another three groups of 20 undergraduates in a step-level resource-dilemma. Confirming the conclusion of Experiment 1, the results supported the outcome-desirability bias explanation but failed to support an egoism-bias explanation in showing that the overharvesting effect of resource uncertainty was not affected by social uncertainty.
|
|
| 30. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
-
An experimental study of influences of performance-related payments on timing of delegated stock purchases
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral Finance. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1542-7560 .- 1542-7579. ; 18:1, s. 78-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performance-related bonuses are important tools for investment organizations to incentivize stock traders. Yet, two experiments indicate that bonuses rewarding short-term performance may lead to worse timing of purchases. We propose that hyperbolic time discounting make participants set lower aspired purchase prices for short-term (decreasing percentage) bonuses than long-term (increasing percentage) bonuses. For this reason purchases are made earlier for decreasing than increasing percentage bonuses, earlier for decreasing than random prices, and earlier for high than low price volatility. Neither purchases at lowest price or highest bonus are attained. Hyperbolic time discounting may account for bubbles observed in experimental double-auction markets.
|
|
