| 121. |
- Milberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence-based conservation - a brief introduction [Evidensbaserad naturvård - Nytt begrepp och ny färdriktning?]
- 2010
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - : Btj Tryck Ab, Lund. - 0039-646X. ; 104:1, s. 18-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article briefly describes the success of the knowledge-transfer reform within medicine known as evidence-based medicine. In this field, the idea is that any decision about an intervention, or lack thereof, should be based on the best available knowledge. The current move towards a similar reform within nature conservation is reviewed, and its differences with medicine discussed. If "evidencebased conservation" is broadly accepted among researchers, practitioners and NGOs, it might lead to a more consistent protocol for reporting case studies trying interventions and, in the long run, a more efficient use of limited resources for conservation.
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| 122. |
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| 123. |
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| 124. |
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| 125. |
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| 126. |
- Nilsson, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity at Linnaeus' birthplace in Stenbrohult, southern Sweden. 2. Red-listed plants and fungi.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 97, s. 74-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the red-listed plants and fungi that have been found in the central parts of the parish of Stenbrohult, southern Sweden. In the middle of the study areas Carl Linnaeus was born in 1707, and he spent his summers there until 1727. Of the 11 currently red-listed vascular plants (Gärdenfors 2000) that have been recorded since 1970 all occurred there also 300 years ago. Mosses, lichens and fungi have mainly been investigated during the last 15 years, but mosses still only in a small part of the study area. Three species of mosses, 51 of fungi and 26 of lichens that are red-listed in Sweden has been found in the area since 1970. These high numbers of red-listed lichens and fungi are surprising because the region has been assumed to be among the most species poor with respect to red-listed species in southern Sweden. The reasons for the high biodiversity in Stenbrohult are 1) comparatively many very old trees of southern deciduous trees (mainly oak, beech and lime), 2) several remnants of southern deciduous forests with long-term tree continuity, 3) several unfertilised pastures and meadows with late harvest still maintained by grazing and mowing, 4) some pasts with more calcium rich soils than in the surrounding region and 5) a large unpolluted lake (Möckeln) with a natural water regime included in the area. Threats to the long-term survival of the red-listed species are discussed. At least the following red-listed vascular plants have disappeared from the study area during the last 150 years: Tephroseris palustris, Crassula aquatica, Bromus secalinus, Bromus arvensis, Sherardia arvensis, Anthemis cotula, Agrostemma githago and possibly Radiola linoides and Lycopodiella inundata. The lichen Lobaria scrobiculata was collected at two sites in 1935 and 1942, Collema fasciculare before 1767 and Ramalina thrausta in 1935, but these red-listed lichen species are now locally extinct. The need for rapid habitat restoration to lower the “extinction debt” is stressed. This is especially urgent for features that have declined most since Linnaeus´s time, e.g. old oaks, unfertilised pastures and meadows with late mowing followed by grazing.
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| 127. |
- Nilsson, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity at Linnaeus' birthplace in Stenbrohult, southern Sweden. 4. The vascular plant flora and its changes.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 98:2, s. 65-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the history of floristic studies of the parish of Stenbrohult, southern Sweden, where Carl Linnaeus was born in 1707 and spent his summers until 1728. Unfortunately, Carl Linnaeus never made a list of the wild vascular plants at his birthplace, although he mentioned at least 64 species from the parish of Stenbrohult in various manuscripts and books. However, he said that Stenbrohult was “a queen among the sisters” and had “rare and peculiar herbs, which at other places in Sweden are rarely or never seen” (translated from Linnaeus 1729). Many botanists have later visited Stenbrohult, but few have made any serious studies of the flora. Nils J. Scheutz (1854, 1864, 1871) added 57 less common species to the known flora of Stenbrohult and Fredrik Hård av Segerstad (1924) added 26 species. The first systematic study was made by Nils Johnsson, a medical practioner, mainly in 1922–32. He published some data in 1929, but a species list with a frequency scale was also deposited at Uppsala together with lots of collected specimens. Much of this material have been examined by Thomas Karlsson, The Swedish Museum of National History. The next systematic study was made by the present authors, mainly in 1970–74 but with some later additional data. The project “Smålands Flora” have also later contributed material, especially from many older collections in museums. Our study was more thorough than previous ones, which make detailed comparisons to examine changes of the flora difficult. We divided the parish into 124 squares, each of them 1 ´ 1 km (UTM-grid), and almost all of them were searched during several hours at 2–3 visits spread over 15 May–September. For common species only presence were noted, and the number of squares where a species were found in 1970–79 is in the species list above noted directly after the species name. For each species we also add if we consider it likely (L) or possible (L?) that the species was established in Stenbrohult in 1728, when Linnaeus left the parish (cultivated species excluded, but escapes from cultivation included). We call such species linnaean species and estimate that there were about 600 such species in 1728. This estimate includes disappeared species that have never been reported and a few still undiscovered species, possibly at most 35 species. Among the vascular plant species/subsp. known from Stenbrohult about 78 are now considered locally extinct and 48 of these were probably present in 1728 (Table 1). This value of 8% disappeared linnaean species is too low, and we think that more than 10% is a more realistic figure, since some species disappeared before being recorded. Most of the known disappeared species occurred in managed meadows, pastures and cultivated fields (Table 3). During the last 150 years more than 99% of the meadows in Stenbrohult, cut for hay in July or later, have been abandoned and mainly converted to cultivated fields, pastures and forests. Ceased traditional management of meadows, dense spruce Picea abies plantations, artificial fertilisation of pastures and drainage of numerous small wetlands have been especially destructive to the flora. Many species are at present on the verge of extinction or decreasing (Table 2) and we suggest measures that may save some of them. The most important measure is to expand the area of hay meadows cut after the middle of July, preferably also with grazing by cattle and horses after harvest. These animals are now mainly grazing former fields with a relatively species poor flora due to previous cultivation and fertilization. Grazing of shores of lakes and streams were formerly ubiquitous but are now rare which have effected the flora and caused some extinctions. However, the large Lake Möckeln is only a little polluted and still unregulated, which is positive for many species. Bogs continue to be exploited for peat up to the present time, with mainly negative effects on the flora. The species that have probably decreased and increased in Stenbrohult during the last 100 years are presented in Table 2, and the habitat distribution of the linnean species in Table 3. During the last 250 years at least 221 species have immigrated to Stenbrohult, mostly still generally expanding species in southern Sweden, and often spread by man. However, at least 30 of these new species are now considered disappeared (Table 1). Some introduced dominating species, e.g. Holcus mollis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Lupinus polyphyllus and Spiraea species, have a negative influence on smaller species. Nitrogen coming with the precipitation add to their effects. The extinction rate of linnaean species have accelerated over the years in Stenbrohult and since our study mainly was made about 30 years ago, we consider the time ripe for a new study. If it is made with our method a much better estimate of changes of the flora can be made than at present. We have also noted the precise location and sometimes the habitat and number of flowering individuals of less common species, which will facilitate determination of the causes of population changes in the future. The flora and fauna of Stenbrohult is still very rich, e.g. with about 200 red-listed species recorded in recent times among the organism groups studied until now (Nilsson 2002, unpubl.). We consider the preservation of the linnaean species as a true tribute to the work of Carl Linnaeus, but to do this several urgent measures must be done. We suggest some of them in this flora, including habitat restoration and management.
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| 128. |
- Nilsson, Sven
(författare)
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The changing structure and tree composition in the traditionally grazed forests in the parish of Stenbrohult, southern Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 100:6, s. 393-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formerly grazed forest (utmark) was the dominant land use on most farms in southern Sweden until about 100 years ago. Here I describe the changed structure and tree species composition over time of the utmark on three farms owned by the church in the central part of Stenbrohult. In this area Carl Linnaeus spent his first 20 summers until 1728. The study is based on old forest management plans, other old documents, published and unpublished pollen analyses from 3 small bogs, tree ages on a clearcut in 1974, own measurements of vegetation and other observations during the last 50 years. Slash-and-burn cultivation (each treated plot usually 1600 – 2100 m2) occurred annually on all three farms in the 1790ies, but it is unknown when this land use ceased on these farms. The first detailed forest management plan is from 1878, but pollen analyses reveal a decrease of deciduous trees and an opening up of the forest until about 1850. The utmark was about 67 % of the farms total area around 1880. At this time the grazed forest was very heterogeneous with many small and a few larger open mires. Total proportion of mire (open fen and bog) was 15 – 36 % of the utmark on the three farms. There were many other openings in the forests, including a few due to forest cuttings (about 0.1–0.5 ha each year on a farm). The old forest planned for cutting at that time was dominated by pine Pinus and spruce Picea, but sometimes with much birches Betula (Table 2). However, most of the utmark was an open birch-dominated forest (tree volumes usually 20 – 80 cubic meter per ha). Later these birch trees were cut, to be used as firewood on the farms, which transformed the older forest to a dense coniferous forest dominated by spruce. This old forest was recently cut (mainly in the 1980ies), the small mires were drained and spruce was planted. The dense regeneration of birches, oaks, aspen and beeches on the clearcuts have been cleared around the planted spruces. Thus, during the last 150 years there has been a drastic transformation due to man from an open mixed birch-dominated forest grazed mainly by cattle to a dense spruce-dominated forest without domestic animals. The documented forest management on these farms refute the climate and spruce immigration hypotheses as explanations for the recent changing tree species composition in southern Sweden. Spruce has been actively promoted by man and his domestic animals more than 100 years in this area and I suggest that this is a general pattern in large regions.
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| 129. |
- Nilsson, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Vad behöver en naturvårdare veta?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 100:1, s. 151-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 130. |
- Nordin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Lavar med svenska namn – tredje upplagan
- 2004
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 98:6, s. 339–364-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish names of 1302 lichens within 255 genera are presented. about a third of them are new. The list is to be regarded as the official list of Swedish names of lichens.
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