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Sökning: swepub > Umeå universitet > Engelska > Övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt > (2010-2011)

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31.
  • Bergendal, Birgitta, 1947- (författare)
  • Oligodontia and ectodermal dysplasia : on signs, symptoms, genetics and outcomes of dental treatment
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Swedish dental journal. Supplement. - Umeå : Umeå universitet. - 0348-6672. ; :205, s. 13-78
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The general aim of this thesis was to broaden our knowledge of the signs and symptoms, genetics, and outcomes of dental implant treatment in individuals with oligodontia or ectodermal dysplasia. Article I is a population-based study in three Swedish counties of 162 individuals with oligodontia, which was a prevalence of 0.09%. The intent was to explore ways for dentists to assess symptoms from other ectodermal structures than teeth through a clinical interview and chair-side analyses. Thirty per cent had low salivary secretion rates while only 11% with no known syndrome reported symptoms from hair, nails, or sweat glands. These are, together with teeth, the ectodermal structures on which it is proposed that a clinical diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia (ED) be based. Article II screened 93 probands with oligodontia for mutations in six genes known to cause oligodontia and hypohidrotic ED. Sequence alterations predicted to be damaging or potentially damaging were revealed in the AXIN2, MSX1, PAX9, and EDARADD genes in 14 (15%) of the probands. All mutations but one were novel. For the first time, EDARADD mutations were shown to cause isolated oligodontia. No individual who had reported ectodermal symptoms from hair, nails, or sweat glands had a mutation. Article III assessed orofacial function in individuals with different types of EDs using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S) protocol. Individuals with ED scored significantly higher in orofacial dysfunction than a healthy reference sample, especially in the Chewing and swallowing, Dryness of the mouth, and Speech domains. Article IV surveyed treatment outcome of dental implants in Swedish children up to age 16 years. In a 20-year period, only 26 patients were treated, 5 of whom had hypohidrotic ED and anodontia of the mandible. Individuals with ED had 64% failed implants compared to 6% among subjects with teeth missing due to trauma or agenesis. The main conclusions of this thesis were that (i) a check of whether one or more permanent incisors are missing will identify 65% of individuals with oligodontia and 84% of individuals missing nine teeth or more, (ii) evaluation of salivary secretion is indicated in children with oligodontia, (iii) a majority of individuals with oligodontia did not report other abnormal ectodermal organ function besides teeth, (iv) no clinical indicator discriminated between individuals with and without mutations in the tested genes, and more unidentified genes are involved in tooth morphogenesis, (v) EDARADD mutations are associated with isolated oligodontia, (vi) evaluation of orofacial function is indicated in individuals with ED, and many individuals with ED would benefit from orofacial skills training, (vii) dental implant placement is a rare treatment modality in children, (viii) individuals with hypohidrotic ED seem to present special challenges due to structural as well as direct effects of the mutations on bone, which seem to compromise osseointegration, (ix) central registers on signs and symptoms in individuals with rare disorders would help establish prevalences of various diagnoses and define treatment needs, and (x) quality registers for monitoring treatment outcomes of dental implants would promote early detection of risks and side-effects in individuals with rare disorders.
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32.
  • Bergman, Jonny, 1973- (författare)
  • Seeking empowerment : asylum-seeking refugees from Afghanistan in Sweden
  • 2010
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how asylum-seeking refugees manage their lives in the situation they are in, a situation in which they are dependent and have to wait for decisions on whether or not they will get to stay in the country in which they have made their application for asylum.  The elaboration upon these questions and the purpose of the study is approached through a field study of asylum-seeking refugees from Afghanistan in Sweden. The thesis presents a background of international migration, refugee migration, refugee migration from Afghanistan and the reception of asylum seekers and refugees in the EU and Sweden, which tells us both that asylum seekers and refugees are not welcome in the countries of the ‘North’, where policies of containment and repatriation are the most common features of treating the refugee ‘problem’ and that the long period of waiting and uncertainty creates a situation of passivity and ill-health among the asylum seekers. Employing grounded theory methodology in different forms based in data from fieldwork, including participant observations and informal conversations, the study applies a constructionist grounded theory approach in the analyses of the situation and the management thereof. Steered by this constructionist grounded theory approach, strengthened by a situational analysis, the thesis presents a situational frame pointing to the situation for the asylum-seeking refugees as temporal and dependent on Swedish national discourse, racism and paternalism. With this background and frame and generated by data from the field study, the thesis goes on to present the situation as disempowering. The disempowering processes are illustrated through looking at dependence and inhospitality, and are characterised by the asylum-seeking refugees’ oscillation between feelings of hope and despair. It becomes, however, also evident that the asylum-seeking refugees take action and that they are supported by latent empowering processes. The actions taken are categorised as actions of empowering in opposition to the processes presented as disempowering. The actions of empowering are connected to keeping oneself occupied, searching for and maintaining social contacts and in the asylum-seeking refugees’ representations of themselves. From the presentation of the situation as disempowering and the actions taken by the asylum-seeking refugees in response to this situation as actions of empowering, a process characterised as seeking empowerment is presented. In this process empowerment is discussed as the establishment of power to resist. During the discussion of the concept of seeking empowerment it is shown how the asylum-seeking refugees in this study, through their actions of empowering, try to resist the disempowering situation. By seeking to establish power to resist, they are seeking empowerment.
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33.
  • Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • R&D collaboration and environmental adaptation: A pilot study of the Swedish pulp- and paper industry 1900-1990
  • 2010
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper deals with the importance of inter-firm and state-firm cooperation for environmental adaptation in the Swedish pulp and paper industry during the period 1900-1990. By sharing similar pollution problems, the industry pooled resources to collective R&D activities and could thereby share cost and the economic risks related to environmental adaptation. We conclude that the environmental issue has been a strong driver for industrial renewing in the Swedish pulp and paper industry since the 1960s. The long tradition of collective environmental R&D activities, which stared already at the beginning of the 20th century, facilitated the development and adaptation of cleaner technologies in the sector from the 1960s and onwards. Our findings suggest that environmental policies that support collaborative R&D activities might facilitate innovation processes of cleaner technologies and the speed of their diffusion.
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34.
  • Billing, Erik, 1981-, et al. (författare)
  • Simultaneous control and recognition of demonstrated behavior
  • 2011
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A method for Learning from Demonstration (LFD) is presented and evaluated on a simulated Robosoft Kompai robot. The presented algorithm, called Predictive Sequence Learning (PSL), builds fuzzy rules describing temporal relations between sensory-motor events recorded while a human operator is tele-operating the robot. The generated rule base can be used to control the robot and to predict expected sensor events in response to executed actions. The rule base can be trained under different contexts, represented as fuzzy sets. In the present work, contexts are used to represent different behaviors. Several behaviors can in this way be stored in the same rule base and partly share information. The context that best matches present circumstances can be identified using the predictive model and the robot can in this way automatically identify the most suitable behavior for precent circumstances. The performance of PSL as a method for LFD is evaluated with, and without, contextual information. The results indicate that PSL without contexts can learn and reproduce simple behaviors. The system also successfully identifies the most suitable context in almost all test cases. The robot's ability to reproduce more complex behaviors, with partly overlapping and conflicting information, significantly increases with the use of contexts. The results support a further development of PSL as a component of a dynamic hierarchical system performing control and predictions on several levels of abstraction. 
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35.
  • Blomquist, Tomas, 1963-, et al. (författare)
  • Projects - real, virtual or what?
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Managing Business in Projects. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1753-8378. ; 3:1, s. 10-21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Purpose – At the heart of this paper is the question of how to describe the ongoing changes of project management (PM) and how to cultivate the understating of projects. In line with the theme of this issue, a non-traditional approach of presenting this paper is used with the aim of providing a lived experience view on projects. This helps pave the way for changed perceptions of many of the traditional ideas of projects and PM, implicitly demanding a need for rethinking the field. The purpose of this paper is to offer some of that rethinking and suggest how to research it. Design/methodology/approach – The approach is narrative and builds on exploratory storytelling which is common in the social sciences but quite non-traditional in the PM sphere. Findings – The paper explores the kind of arguments people might have when defending their perceptions of what a project is and should be. Practical implications – Traditional PM might benefit from being open to experiences from non-traditional areas of application, and equally important is that the reverse might apply. Originality/value – Rethinking PM and relating to social science areas is very much in the vogue presently. The authors wish to push that issue even further, and this paper illustrates one way to achieve a fruitful dialogue or a discussion in a scientifically based context.
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36.
  • Bohman, Anna, 1975- (författare)
  • Framing the water and sanitation challenge : A history of urban water supply and sanitation in Ghana 1909 - 2005
  • 2010
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis analyses the development of urban water supply and sanitation services in Ghana from 1909 to 2005.  Special focus is put on institutional arrangements with regard to networked, large scale and centrally managed water and sewerage services. The national and international historical context is highlighted as a way to understand policy redirections in the sector. Further on, the concept of frames is used as an analytical tool in order to put light on the assumptions, arguments and reasons behind institutional reforms. The thesis finds that it was not until the water and sanitation challenge was framed from a productivity perspective, as opposed to a pure humanitarian “health frame”, that funds were released for investments in WSS infrastructure. To begin with, development strategies were largely focussed on “filling the gaps” in terms of manpower, technical and financial resources. As the water challenge was increasingly framed as a matter of managing scarcity, a new thinking gradually emerged which emphasized entrepreneurship, business mindedness and management skills as a way to achieve more efficiency within the sector. This development was also paralleled by a shift in the favoured organisational structure from an extremely centralised state utility model to a gradual focus on decentralisation and unbundling of the sector. Here a strong focus was put on private sector participation in urban water supply whereas the non-commercially viable task of sewerage development was decentralised to local authorities. The study finds that formal institutional change in the sector has been largely donor driven. However, the privatisation element of the recent urban water sector reform did not go unquestioned and a strong opposition movement concerned with the possible negative effects of privatisation was formed. Eventually the initial lease arrangement was transformed into a management contract where its signing was brought to closure in 2005. Besides changing frames strong elements of continuity in the urban water supply and sanitation sector development in Ghana are identified. Historical evidence demonstrate that urban water delivery was a highly political issue in Ghana already during colonial times which, just as today, was closely connected to the framing of water as independence and national integrity. The issue of finance and pricing has remained a constant concern and so the debate cannot be categorized as a novel issue that solely emanates from neo-liberal political trends during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The thesis argues that a legacy of a colonial frame tends to continue normalising inequalities in access and consumption.  Continuity can also be found in a neglect of the issue of sanitation which persistently lags behind the development of water distribution. The dissertation concludes that the perceived space for policy alternatives in Ghanaian WSS sector development has been largely constrained by the historical context and contemporary development theories. Therefore, to constantly strive towards a frame reflective policy dialogue is strongly encouraged as a way for policy planners and decision makers to make well informed decisions for the future.
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37.
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38.
  • Boström, Dan, et al. (författare)
  • Ash transformation chemistry during energy conversion of biomass
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Impact of Fuel Quality on Power production and the Environment. - : Impacts of Fuel Quality.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • There is relatively extensive knowledge available concerning ash transformation reactions during energy conversion of woody biomass. Traditionally, these assortments have constituted the main resources for heating in Sweden. In recent decades the utilization of these energy carriers has increased, from a low technology residential small scale level to industrial scale (e.g. CHP plants). Along this evolution ash-chemical related phenomena for woody biomass has been observed and studied. So, presently the understanding for these are, if not complete, fairly good. Briefly, from a chemical point of view the ash from woody biomass could be characterized as a silicate dominated systems with varying content of basic oxides and with relatively high degree of volatilization of alkali sulfates and chlorides. Thus, the main ash transformation mechanisms in these systems have been outlined. Here, an attempt to give a general description of the ash transformation reactions of biomass fuels is presented, with the intention to provide guidance in the understanding of ash matter behavior in the utilization of any biomass fuel, primarily from knowledge of the concentrations of ash forming elements but also by considering the physical condition in the specific combustion appliance and the physical characteristic of the biomass fuel. Furthermore, since the demand for CO2-neutral energy resources has increased the last years and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future, other biomasses as for instance agricultural crops has become highly interesting. Globally, the availability of these shows large variation. In Sweden, for instance, which is a relatively spare populated country with large forests, these bio-masses will play a secondary role, although not insignificant. In other parts of the world, more densely populated and with a large agricultural sector, such bio-masses may constitute the main energy bio-mass resource in the future. However, the content of ash forming matter in agricultural bio-mass is rather different in comparison to woody biomass. Firstly, the content is much higher; from being about 0.3 - 0.5% (wt) in stem wood, it can amount to between 2 and 10 %(wt) in agricultural biomass. In addition, the composition of the ash forming matter is different. Shortly, the main difference is due to a much higher content of phosphorus (occasionally also silicon) which has major consequences on the ash-transformation reactions. In many crops, the concentration of phosphorus and silicon is equivalent, which (depending on the concentration levels of basic oxides) may result in a phosphate dominated ash. The properties of this ash are in several aspects different from the silicate dominated woody biomass ash and will consequently behave differently in various types of energy conversion systems. The knowledge about phosphate dominated ash systems has so far been scarce. We have been working with these systems, both with basic and applied research, for about a decade know. Some general experiences and conclusions as well as some specific examples of our research will be presented
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39.
  • Bratteteig, Tone, et al. (författare)
  • Research practices in digital design
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Exploring digital design. - London : Springer London. - 9781849962223 - 9781849962230 ; , s. 17-54
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In the twenty-first century, we are literally surrounded by digital things and things that turn out to be digital – or have some digital parts or are parts of a larger system in which there are digital elements. We carry around mobile phones and watches; many also have additional music players, PDAs or PCs. We live in houses filled with digital networks and artefacts; we depend on infrastructures that are partly digital and have digital systems attached to them; we use public and private services that are digital, are based on digital infrastructures and have other digital systems attached to them; and we experience embedded, ubiquitous computing as we live in digitally enhanced environments that support our activities with or without our conscious control. The digital layer(s) in the world constitute a real world.
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40.
  • Cerin, Pontus, et al. (författare)
  • Linking Responsible Investments to Societal Influence : Motives, Assessments and Risks
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Sustainable Development. - : Wiley. - 0968-0802 .- 1099-1719. ; 19:2, s. 71-76
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This introduction of the special issue about responsible investments deals with the main theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges. It also highlights the key features of the papers in this special issue.
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