| 371. |
- Ponseca, Carlito, et al.
(författare)
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Pulsed Terahertz Emission from Solution-Processed Lead Iodide Perovskite Films
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACS Photonics. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 2330-4022. ; 6:5, s. 1175-1181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report pulsed terahertz (THz) emission from solution-processed metal halide perovskite films with electric field 1 order of magnitude lower than p-InAs, an efficient THz emitter. Such emission is enabled by a unique combination of efficient charge separation, high carrier mobilities, and more importantly surface defects. The mechanism of generation was identified by investigating the dependence of the THz electric field amplitude on surface defect densities, excess charge carriers, excitation intensity and energy, temperature, and external electric field. We also show for the first time THz emission from a curved surface, which is not possible for any crystalline semiconductor and paves the way to focus high-intensity sources. These results represent a possible new direction for perovskite optoelectronics and for THz emission spectroscopy as a complementary tool in investigating surface defects on metal halide perovskites, of fundamental importance in the optimization of solar cells and light-emitting diodes.
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| 372. |
- Ponseca, Carlito, et al.
(författare)
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Terahertz Helical Antenna Based on Celery Stalks
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781538682852 - 9781538682869
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose-based helices retrieved from the plant celery with a conductive poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno [3,4-b]-[1,4]dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-1-butanesulfonate (PEDOT-S). A resonance close to 1 THz and a broad shoulder that extends to 3.5 THz was obtained, consistent with electromagnetic models. As helical antennas, it was shown that both axial and normal modes are present, which are correlated to the orientation and antenna electrical lengths of the coated helices. This work opens the possibility of designing tunable terahertz antennas through simple control of their dimensions and orientation. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 373. |
- Pranculis, Vytenis, et al.
(författare)
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Charge Carrier Generation and Transport in Different Stoichiometry APFO3:PC61BM Solar Cells
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society. - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 136:32, s. 11331-11338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we studied carrier drift dynamics in APFO3:PC61BM solar cells of varied stoichiometry (2:1, 1:1, and 1:4 APFO3:PC61BM) over a wide time range, from subpicoseconds to microseconds with a combination of ultrafast optical electric field probing and conventional transient integrated photocurrent techniques. Carrier drift and extraction dynamics are strongly stoichiometry dependent: the speed of electron or hole drift increases with higher concentration of PC61BM or polymer, respectively. The electron extraction from a sample with 80% PC61BM takes place during hundreds of picoseconds, but slows down to sub-microseconds in a sample with 33% PC61BM. The hole extraction is less stoichiometry dependent: it varies form sub-nanoseconds to tens of nanoseconds when the PC61BM concentration changes from 33% to 80%. The electron extraction rate correlates with the conversion efficiency of solar cells, leading to the conclusion that fast electron motion is essential for efficient charge carrier separation preventing their geminate recombination.
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| 374. |
- Puttisong, Yuttapoom, et al.
(författare)
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Charge Generation via Relaxed Charge-Transfer States in Organic Photovoltaics by an Energy-Disorder-Driven Entropy Gain
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 122:24, s. 12640-12646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In organic photovoltaics, efficient charge generation relies on our ability to convert excitons into free charges. Efficient charge separation from "energetic excitons" has been understood to be governed by delocalization effects promoted by molecular aggregation. A remaining puzzle is, however, the mechanism underlying charge generation via relaxed interfacial charge-transfer (CT) excitons that also exhibit an internal quantum efficiency close to unity. Here, we provide evidence for efficient charge generation via CT state absorption over a temperature range of 50-300 K, despite an intrinsically strong Coulomb binding energy of about 400 meV that cannot be modified by fullerene aggregation. We explain our observation by entropy-driven charge separation, with a key contribution from energy disorder. The energy disorder reduces the charge generation barrier by substantially gaining the entropy as electron hole distance increases, resulting in efficient CT exciton dissociation. Our results underline an emerging consideration of energy disorder in thermodynamic stability of charge pairs and highlight the energy disorder as a dominant factor for generating charges via the CT state. A discussion for a trade-off in harvesting charges from relaxed CT excitons is also provided.
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| 375. |
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| 376. |
- Qian, Deping, et al.
(författare)
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Design rules for minimizing voltage losses in high-efficiency organic solar cells
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Materials. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1476-1122 .- 1476-4660. ; 17:8, s. 703-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells is usually lower than the values achieved in inorganic or perovskite photovoltaic devices with comparable bandgaps. Energy losses during charge separation at the donor-acceptor interface and non-radiative recombination are among the main causes of such voltage losses. Here we combine spectroscopic and quantum-chemistry approaches to identify key rules for minimizing voltage losses: (1) a low energy offset between donor and acceptor molecular states and (2) high photoluminescence yield of the low-gap material in the blend. Following these rules, we present a range of existing and new donor-acceptor systems that combine efficient photocurrent generation with electroluminescence yield up to 0.03%, leading to non-radiative voltage losses as small as 0.21 V. This study provides a rationale to explain and further improve the performance of recently demonstrated high-open-circuit-voltage organic solar cells.
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| 377. |
- Qian, D. P., et al.
(författare)
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Modulating molecular aggregation by facile heteroatom substitution of diketopyrrolopyrrole based small molecules for efficient organic solar cells
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 3:48, s. 24349-24357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In conjugated polymers and small molecules of organic solar cells, aggregation induced by intermolecular interactions governs the performance of photovoltaics. However, little attention has been paid to the connection between molecular structure and aggregation within solar cells based on soluble small molecules. Here we demonstrate modulation of intermolecular aggregation of two synthesized molecules through heteroatom substitution to develop an understanding of the role of aggregation in conjugated molecules. Molecule 1 (M1) based on 2-ethylhexyloxy-benzene substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDTP) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) displays strong aggregation in commonly used organic solvents, which is reduced in molecule 2 (M2) by facile oxygen atom substitution on the BDTP unit confirmed by absorption spectroscopy and optical microscopy, while it successfully maintains molecular planarity and favorable charge transport characteristics. Solar cells based on M2 exhibit more than double the photocurrent of devices based on M1 and yield a power conversion efficiency of 5.5%. A systematic investigation of molecular conformation, optoelectronic properties, molecular packing and crystallinity as well as film morphology reveals structure dependent aggregation responsible for the performance difference between the two conjugated molecules.
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| 378. |
- Qian, Deping
(författare)
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Studies of Voltage Losses in Organic Solar Cells
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices based on semiconducting polymers and small molecules are potential alternatives to inorganic solar cells, owing to their advantages of being inexpensive, lightweight, flexible and suitable for roll-to-roll production. The state of art organic solar cells (OSCs) performed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 13%.The quantum efficiency losses in OSCs have been significantly reduced within the charge generation and extraction processes, resulting in high EQEPV (70-90%) and high FF (70-80%). Whereas, large voltage losses (Δ? = ??/? − ???) were observed in conventional fullerene based solar cells, and it has been the main limiting factor for further OPV advancement. Therefore, strategies to reduce the voltage losses are required.In this thesis, newly designed non-fullerene (NF) acceptors are used to construct novel material systems for high efficiency solar cells. In particular, we studied the hole transfer in these fullerene free systems. We also reported a NF system that exhibit ultrafast and efficient charge separation despite a negligible driving force, as ECT is nearly identical to ??. Moreover, the small driving force is found to have minimal detrimental effects on charge transfer dynamics of the OSCs. We demonstrate a NF based OSC with efficiency of 9.5% and internal quantum efficiency nearly 90% despite a low voltage loss of 0.61 V. This creates a path towards highly efficient OSCs with a low voltage loss.CT states in OSCs are also investigated, since VOC is governed by the CT energy (ECT), which is found as ???? = ??? − 0.6 in a large set of fullerene based solar cells. In order to reduce these recombination losses from CT states, we explored polymer-diPDI systems which exhibited weakened D-A coupling strength, due to the steric hindrance effect. The radiative recombination losses at D/A interface in these NF devices are all reduced to less than 0.18 eV. In particular, in some cases, the additional emission from pure material is favorable for suppressing the non-radiative CT states decay. Consequently, the recombination losses in these NF systems are reduced to 0.5 eV, while the charge generation is still efficient as confirmed by PL quenching and EQEPV.Novel material systems based on non-fullerene acceptors are investigated. The systems performed energy offsets (ΔHOMO or ΔLUMO) less than 0.15eV, resulting in the same energy of CT states and bulk excitons. In this regard, the charge transfer energy loss is minimized. We also found that the EL spectra as well as the EQEEL of the blend solar cells are similar with that of lower gap components in blends. Thus the non-radiative voltage losses are reduced to < 0.3V and small voltage loss of 0.5-0.7V are obtained. Meanwhile, the charge generation in systems are still efficient and high EQEPV of 50-70% can be achieved. It confirms that there is no intrinsic limit for the VOC and efficiency of OPVs as compared with other photovoltaic technologies.
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| 379. |
- Qin, Ruiping, et al.
(författare)
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A Planar Copolymer for High Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells
- 2009
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 131:41, s. 14612-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An alternating copolymer, poly(2-(5-(5,6-bis(octyloxy)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-7-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-9-octyt-9H-carbazole) (HXS-1), was designed, synthesized, and used as the donor material for high efficiency polymer solar cells. The close packing of the polymer chains in the solid state was confirmed by XRD. A J(sc) of 9.6 mA/cm(2), a V-proportional to of 0.81 V, an FF of 0.69, and a PCE of 5.4% were achieved with HXS-1 and [6,6]-phenyl C-71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as a bulk heterojunction active layer spin-coated from a solvent mixture of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 1,8-diodooctane (97.5:2.5) under air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5 G) irradiation of 100 mW/cm(2).
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| 380. |
- Rebis, Tomasz, et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid materials from organic electronic conductors and synthetic-lignin models for charge storage applications
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 4:5, s. 1931-1940
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Homopolymers and copolymers of the monolignols syringol (S) and guaiacol (G) were prepared as well-defined lignin model compounds. Polymerisation was performed by phenol-formaldehyde condensation, also including the monomer hydroquinone (HQ) to extend the range of redox processes in these synthetic lignins (SLig). The chemical structures of the SLig samples were characterized by C-13 and quantitative P-31 NMR, and the molecular weight was monitored by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Subsequently, SLig were incorporated into two different electron-conducting matrix - single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and polypyrrole (PPy), respectively. As a result, the hybrid materials, with a controlled amount of SWNT or with an unknown amount of PPy, were assembled and compared. The charge storage properties in the investigated materials are attributed to contributions from both the double-layer capacitance of the conducting matrix, and the faradaic reactions provided by quinone groups immobilized in the electrodes. The results indicate a considerable improvement of charge capacity, with the synthetic lignins incorporated in the hybrid materials. With a PPy carrying S, G and HQ, better performance is obtained than has previously been obtained with lignin derivatives, showing a maximum capacity of 94 mA h g(-1). Moreover, a low amount of electronic conductor (20% wt of SWNT) is adequate to perform efficient electron communication between redox active quinones and the electrode surface, providing 72 mA h g(-1).
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