| 31. |
- Aaro Jonsson, Catherine
(författare)
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Long-term cognitive outcome of childhood traumatic brain injury
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is limited knowledge of cognitive outcome extending beyond 5 years after childhood traumatic brain injury, CTBI. The main objectives of this thesis were to investigate cognitive outcome at 6-14 years after CTBI, and to evaluate if advancements in the neurosurgical care, starting 1992, did influence long-term outcome and early epidemiology. An additional aim was to study the relationship between early brain injury parameters and early functional outcome. Study 1 evaluated cognitive progress during 14 years after CTBI, over three neuropsychological assessments in 8 patients with serious CTBI. Study 2 used patient records to investigate early epidemiology, received rehabilitation and medical follow up in two clinical cohorts, n=82 and n=46, treated neurosurgically for CTBI before and after 1992. An exploratory cluster analysis was applied to analyse the relation between early brain injury severity parameters and early functional outcome. In Study 3, participants in the two cohorts, n=18 and n=23, treated neurosurgically for CTBI before and after 1992, were subject to an extensive neuropsychological assessment, 13 and 6 years after injury, respectively. Assessment results of the two cohorts were compared with each other and with controls. Data were analysed with multivariate analyses of variance. Results and discussion. There were significant long-term cognitive deficits of similar magnitude and character in the two cohorts with CTBI, treated before and after the advancements in neurosurgical care. At 6-14 years after injury, long-term deficits in verbal intellectual and executive functions were found, and were discussed in terms of their late maturation and a decreased executive control over verbal memory-functions after CTBI. Visuospatial functions had a slightly better long-term recovery. The amount of rehabilitation received was equally low in both cohorts. The length of time spent in intensive care and the duration of care in the respirator may have a stronger relationship to early outcome than does a single measure of level of consciousness at admission. Main conclusions are that cognitive deficits are apparent at long-term follow up, 6-13 years after neurosurgically treated CTBI, even after advancements in the neurosurgical care in Sweden. Measures of verbal IQ, verbal memory and executive functions were especially low while visuospatial intellectual functions appear to have a better long-term recovery.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Aarseth, Espen, et al.
(författare)
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Scholars' open debate paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder proposal
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral Addictions. - : AKADEMIAI KIADO RT. - 2062-5871 .- 2063-5303. ; 6:3, s. 267-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Concerns about problematic gaming behaviors deserve our full attention. However, we claim that it is far from clear that these problems can or should be attributed to a new disorder. The empirical basis for a Gaming Disorder proposal, such as in the new ICD-11, suffers from fundamental issues. Our main concerns are the low quality of the research base, the fact that the current operationalization leans too heavily on substance use and gambling criteria, and the lack of consensus on symptomatology and assessment of problematic gaming. The act of formalizing this disorder, even as a proposal, has negative medical, scientific, public-health, societal, and human rights fallout that should be considered. Of particular concern are moral panics around the harm of video gaming. They might result in premature application of diagnosis in the medical community and the treatment of abundant false-positive cases, especially for children and adolescents. Second, research will be locked into a confirmatory approach, rather than an exploration of the boundaries of normal versus pathological. Third, the healthy majority of gamers will be affected negatively. We expect that the premature inclusion of Gaming Disorder as a diagnosis in ICD-11 will cause significant stigma to the millions of children who play video games as a part of a normal, healthy life. At this point, suggesting formal diagnoses and categories is premature: the ICD-11 proposal for Gaming Disorder should be removed to avoid a waste of public health resources as well as to avoid causing harm to healthy video gamers around the world.
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| 34. |
- Aasa, Jenny, 1978-
(författare)
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Cancer Risk Assessment of Glycidol : Evaluation of a Multiplicative Risk Model for Genotoxic Compounds
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Humans are exposed to chemical compounds in everyday life, both from the environment and from endogenous processes. Some compounds constitute a risk for cancer development. One such compound is glycidol, which is genotoxic and an animal carcinogen. It is the model compound of this work, partly due to its presence in food. Glycidol, often together with 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), occurs in the form of esters particularly in refined cooking oils, which are used in a variety of food products. The esters are hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to form glycidol (and 3-MCPD).The aim of the thesis has been to evaluate an approach for cancer risk estimation of genotoxic carcinogens based on a multiplicative (relative) risk model and genotoxic potency. Further, the aim was to estimate the cancer risk for exposure to glycidol via food. Measurement of the internal doses (concentration × time) of glycidol in the studied biological systems, including humans, has been crucial. Glycidol is electrophilic and forms adducts with nucleophilic sites in proteins and DNA. The doses of glycidol were quantified by mass spectrometry: in vivo from adduct levels to hemoglobin (Hb); in vitro from adducts to cob(I)alamin.The first part of the thesis concerns the genotoxic potency (genotoxic response per internal dose) of glycidol, measured in vitro by mutation studies and in vivo by micronuclei as a biomarker for genotoxicity (short-term studies in mice). The results were compared to that of ionizing radiation, used as a standard, to estimate the relative genotoxic potency of glycidol: 10 and 15 rad-equ./mMh from mutations and micronuclei, respectively. No induction of micronuclei was observed for the related compound 3-MCPD.Tumor incidence from published carcinogenicity studies of glycidol in mice and rats, together with the measured in vivo doses, was evaluated with the relative cancer risk model. A good agreement between predicted and observed tumor incidence was shown, and no significant difference of the obtained cancer risk coefficients (risk per dose) between mice (5.1 % per mMh) and rats (5.4 % per mMh) was observed. The overall results support that the relative risk coefficient (β) is independent of sex, tumor site, and species, and indicated that it can be transferred also to humans. The doubling dose, expressed as 1/β, is the dose that is required to double the background tumor incidence. The mean of the doubling doses from mice and rats (19 mMh) was assumed valid for risk estimation for humans. Transfer of β of glycidol to rad-equ. via its relative genotoxic potency showed a risk coefficient in agreement with the relative cancer risk coefficient of ionizing radiation.In the final work, the lifetime (70 years) in vivo doses of glycidol were calculated from measured Hb adduct levels in blood from 50 children and 12 adults, and compared to the doubling dose. A fivefold variation was observed in the in vivo doses. The estimated lifetime excess cancer risk from glycidol exceeds 1/1000. This is much higher than what is considered as an acceptable risk.To conclude, the multiplicative (relative) risk model together with relative genotoxic potency is promising to use in an approach for cancer risk estimation and in line with 3R (reduce-refine-replace) initiatives.
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| 35. |
- Aasa, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Cancer risk estimation of glycidol based on rodent carcinogenicity studies, a multiplicative risk model and in vivo dosimetry
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Here we evaluate a multiplicative (relative) risk model for more reliable cancer risk estimations of genotoxic compounds. According to this model, cancer risk is proportional to background tumor incidence and to internal dose of the genotoxic compound. A relative risk coefficient is considered to be common across species, sex, and tumor sites. The model has previously been shown to be successfully applied to rodent carcinogenicity data for a few genotoxic compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate this risk model for glycidol, a common food contaminant. Tumor data from published glycidol carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were evaluated with the model, using internal doses estimated from hemoglobin adduct measurements in blood of B6C3F1 mice and Sprague Dawley rats treated with glycidol in short-term exposure studies.The evaluation demonstrated that the relative risk model is valid for glycidol. A good agreement between predicted and observed tumor incidence was demonstrated in the animals, supporting a relative risk coefficient that is independent of species, sex, and tumor site. There was no significant difference of the risk coefficients between mice (5.1 % per mMh) and rats (7.1 % per mMh) when the internal doses of glycidol were considered. Altogether, this mechanism-based risk model gives a common and more reliable risk coefficient which could be extrapolated to humans via internal dose measurements, and by considering the background cancer incidence.
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| 36. |
- Aasa, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Internal dose of glycidol in children and estimation of associated cancer risk
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Children are more susceptible to exposures to harmful compounds compared to adults. Monitoring of the actual exposures in vivo is important to enable risk mitigation actions. The general population, including children, is exposed to the carcinogen glycidol through food. A possible exposure source to glycidol is food containing refined cooking oils where it is present as a process-induced contaminant in the form of fatty acid esters.In the present study internal (in vivo) doses of the genotoxic and carcinogenic compound glycidol have been determined in a cohort of 50 children and in a reference group of 12 adults (non-smokers and smokers). The lifetime in vivo doses of glycidol have been calculated from the levels of the hemoglobin (Hb) adduct N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-valine in blood samples from the subjects, demonstrating about a 5-fold variation between the children (71–322 µMh). This variation is likely due to different dietary habits and/or different genotypes/phenotypes of the enzymes involved in the detoxification of glycidol. Data from the adults indicate that the non-smoking subjects are exposed to about the same level as the children, whereas the smoking subjects have about double levels, likely due to the presence of glycidol in tobacco smoke. The estimated exposure to glycidol in the children is higher than those estimated by European Food Safety Authority.The calculated relative cancer risk increment due to glycidol exposure demonstrated an unacceptable risk for all subjects. The excess lifetime risk based on the estimated lifetime in vivo doses of glycidol exceeded 1/1000, which should be compared to a generally applied acceptable lifetime risk level of 1/100 000. A small contribution to the internal dose of glycidol from other precursors to the measured Hb adduct, and corresponding contribution to estimated risks from intake of glycidol from food cannot though be excluded.
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| 37. |
- Aasi, Parisa, et al.
(författare)
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Culture Influence on IT Governance : What We Have Learned?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Organizational Culture and Behavior. - : IGI Global. - 9781522519133 - 9781522519140 ; , s. 1329-1346
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Managers face enormous challenges today to plan the decision rights and responsibilities in order to reach desired IT behaviors which are aligned with business objectives of organizations. This is known as IT governance and is ranked as one of the firms' top concerns. Not surprisingly, it is crucial for organizations to find the affecting factors on IT governance and solve the problems associated with it. Culture in national, organizational or group level is an affecting factor in organizations that can play a role in IT governance and this role is rarely explored in academic research. This paper provides a literature review investigating the influence of culture on IT governance. The research purpose is to identify how culture and IT governance in the companies can be linked together and promote this area for future research. The literature review is done systematically and the findings are classified by using an IT governance framework with three main components of structures, processes and relational mechanisms. The results indicate there is an influence from national and organizational culture on IT governance. However, the number of studies is very few and there is still a lack of knowledge on how culture can influence IT governance. This research calls upon a further research on culture impact on achieving an effective IT governance implementation in organizations.
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| 38. |
- Aasi, Parisa, et al.
(författare)
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Culture Influence on IT Governance : What We Have Learned?
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of IT - Business Alignment and Governance. - : IGI Global. - 1947-9611 .- 1947-962X. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Managers face enormous challenges today to plan the decision rights and responsibilities in order to reach desired IT behaviors which are aligned with business objectives of organizations. This is known as IT governance and is ranked as one of the firms' top concerns. Not surprisingly, it is crucial for organizations to find the affecting factors on IT governance and solve the problems associated with it. Culture in national, organizational or group level is an affecting factor in organizations that can play a role in IT governance and this role is rarely explored in academic research. This paper provides a literature review investigating the influence of culture on IT governance. The research purpose is to identify how culture and IT governance in the companies can be linked together and promote this area for future research. The literature review is done systematically and the findings are classified by using an IT governance framework with three main components of structures, processes and relational mechanisms. The results indicate there is an influence from national and organizational culture on IT governance. However, the number of studies is very few and there is still a lack of knowledge on how culture can influence IT governance. This research calls upon a further research on culture impact on achieving an effective IT governance implementation in organizations.
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| 39. |
- Aasi, Parisa, et al.
(författare)
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Culture Influence on IT Governance : What We Have Learned?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Technology Adoption and Social Issues. - : IGI Global. - 9781522552017 - 9781522552024 ; , s. 139-156
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Managers face enormous challenges today to plan the decision rights and responsibilities in order to reach desired IT behaviors which are aligned with business objectives of organizations. This is known as IT governance and is ranked as one of the firms' top concerns. Not surprisingly, it is crucial for organizations to find the affecting factors on IT governance and solve the problems associated with it. Culture in national, organizational or group level is an affecting factor in organizations that can play a role in IT governance and this role is rarely explored in academic research. This paper provides a literature review investigating the influence of culture on IT governance. The research purpose is to identify how culture and IT governance in the companies can be linked together and promote this area for future research. The literature review is done systematically and the findings are classified by using an IT governance framework with three main components of structures, processes and relational mechanisms. The results indicate there is an influence from national and organizational culture on IT governance. However, the number of studies is very few and there is still a lack of knowledge on how culture can influence IT governance. This research calls upon a further research on culture impact on achieving an effective IT governance implementation in organizations.
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| 40. |
- Aasi, Parisa, 1986-
(författare)
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Information Technology Governance: The Role of Organizational Culture and Structure
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Information Technology Governance (ITG) is among the most important challenges for the managers today. IT is not anymore just a supportive tool but also a strategic driver for the businesses. In the dynamic and competitive world of today, it is crucial for organizations to know how to govern IT rather than just to use it. IT governance deals with specifying responsibilities and decision rights to encourage the desirable behaviour from IT and generate value from IT investments. IT governance can impact the overall performance of organizations, however there are still difficulties in understanding IT governance and the factors that may influence it.Organizational culture and structure are among the factors that have significant influence on many issues in an organization. According to previous research, organizational culture and structure need to be considered when implementing IT governance. However, there is a lack of research focusing on how organizational culture and structure can influence IT governance performance and implementation. Thus, the main research question addressed in this thesis is: How are organizational culture and structure related to IT governance? To address this question, this research has performed literature reviews and conducted case studies to investigate the role of organizational culture and structure on IT governance. As the first step, the previous literature was reviewed to find the gaps in the research on culture and IT governance. As the next step, four case studies were conducted to explore the influence of organizational culture and structure on IT governance. Two case studies have investigated the relation between organizational structure and IT governance implementation and performance in large organizations; and two other case studies investigated on how different types of organizational culture influence IT governance performance outcomes.The results of this research respond to the research question by specifying the role of culture in IT governance through a categorization of prior research both from research and practice perspectives; specifying the influence of different organizational culture types on IT governance performance outcomes in different organizations; and by specifying IT organizational structure relationship with IT governance performance outcomes and IT governance implementation.The research presented in this thesis provides both theoretical and empirical contributions to the IT governance research and practice.
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