| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Caldera, Trinidad, et al.
(författare)
-
Parasuicide in a low income country : results from a three year hospital surveillance in Nicaragua.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 32:5, s. 349-355
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: A study was undertaken to assess the incidence of parasuicide in Nicaragua, to identify groups at risk, and to describe the characteristics of parasuicides, such as methods used and seasonal and diurnal patterns. Method: All hospital-admitted parasuicide cases in the area of León, Nicaragua, were assessed over a three-year period using standardized instruments. Results: Two hundred and thirty-three parasuicide cases were identified in the catchment area giving a parasuicide rate of 66.3/100,000 inhabitants per year based on the population 10 years and older. Corresponding figure for 15 years and older was 71.3. A majority were females (68.8%), who were significantly younger than the males (mean 20.8 years vs. mean 24.6 years). The highest rates were found in the age group 15 - 19 years with a female rate three times higher than the male rate (302.9 vs. 98.9). Pesticides, a highly lethal substance, were used as method in 19.1% of the attempts. Consistent seasonal variation with peaks in May - June and September - October were found over the years. Among parasuicide cases, 46.5% had been in contact with the healthcare system within 6 months before attempting suicide. Conclusions: Parasuicides represent a significant health problem among young people in Nicaragua. Preventive efforts should be directed especially towards the life situation for young girls, limitation of availability of suicide means, increased awareness in schools concerning suicidal problems, as well as improved management of patients with mental health problems within primary healthcare.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ellsberg, Mary Carroll
(författare)
-
Candies in hell : research and action on domestic violence against women in Nicaragua
- 2000
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of the research was to explore the magnitude and characteristics of domestic violence against women in Leon, Nicaragua. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among a representative sample of 488 women between the ages of 15-49 years. In-depth interviews were performed with women who had experienced violence. Also, participatory techniques were used in 19 focus groups of men and women from diverse sectors of Nicaraguan society to gain an understanding of how Nicaraguans view social and legal sanctions for domestic violence.Among ever-married women (n=360) lifetime prevalence of physical violence was 52%, and current prevalence (during the last 12 months) was 27%. Seventy percent of the violence was classified as severe. No significant differences were found with regard to women's age, educational attainment, or occupation and the prevalence of partner abuse. Significant positive associations were found between the risk of wife abuse and poverty, number of children, history of violence in husband's family, husband's controlling behavior and lack of social networks. Abused women were six times more likely to present emotional distress than non-abused women. Emotional distress was more related to the severity of the abuse than to how long ago it had taken place. A significant positive association was found between wife abuse and problems among the children, including physical abuse. Nearly half of the abused women reported that their children had witnessed the violence. Both the qualitative as well as the quantitative data indicated that abused women frequently experience feelings of shame, isolation and entrapment, which in turn contribute to their difficulty in recognizing the violence and disengaging from the violent relationship. Women in Nicaragua used a variety of strategies to protect themselves from violence and most abused women eventually did leave abusive relationships. Temporary leaving and help seeking were critical steps in the process of overcoming violence. However, many women indicated that they did not receive support for their situation.The results of the prevalence survey were compared to findings from two other population-based studies carried out subsequently in Nicaragua. This comparison suggested that under-reporting is a significant threat to the validity of prevalence research on violence, and underscored the importance of incorporating specific measures to enhance disclosure into the research plan, such as providing more than one opportunity to disclose violence and using behaviorally specific language.Moreover, measures that have been primarily viewed from the perspective of ethics and safety, such as ensuring privacy and confidentiality and providing special training and support for interviewers, may have a significant impact on data quality, due to their effect on the disclosure of violence.The survey results and the narrative analysis suggest that domestic violence is a serious public health problem in Nicaragua. The focus group research found that opinions regarding domestic violence differed sharply between men and women, but that broad sectors of society felt that psychological violence was as serious as physical violence, and that new laws and programs were needed to punish violent offenders and to prevent future violence.The results of the research were discussed widely in Nicaragua, and contributed to the debate on the reform of the Nicaraguan Criminal Code with regard to sanctions for domestic violence and protection for victims of violence.
|
|
| 4. |
- Korsak, Larisa, et al.
(författare)
-
Wastewater treatment in Nicaragua
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th Annual IWA Specialised Conference "Design, Operation and Economics of Large Wasewater Treatment Plants".
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 5. |
- Kindblad, Christopher
(författare)
-
Gift and Exchange in the Reciprocal Regime of the Miskito on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua, 20th Century
- 2001
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is a historical-comparative analysis of a conflict that has developed in the economic system of the Miskito in the 20th century, concerning the use of common property resources. The study is based on empirical material collected in a Miskito/Creole village on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua in the 1990s. During the enclave period (1860-1960) Miskito men earned money as wage labourers at foreign companies (lumber, mining and banana plantations), and sent home money and purchased goods to women, who worked in subsistence agriculture. At this time the communal resources were reserved mainly for subsistence and food gifts. This permitted a symbolic transformation of money and purchased goods, which were distributed in a wider network of kin-related women. There was a relatively stable coexistence of short-term exchange and long-term gift, which is referred to as a reciprocal regime. However, the transition to the commercial period (1960-) resulted in a commercial exploitation of communal resources, which seriously started to compete with subsistence and the custom of food gifts in the 1970s. A contradiction developed between short-term exchange and long-term gift, which stems from a double and contradictory coding of communal resources. This development was interrupted during the 1980s - the decade of the Sandinist revolution - but continued in the 1990s, although new aspects were added due to increasing population pressure, external exploitation and few opportunities for wage labour. In spite of instabilities in the reciprocal regime, the analysis suggests that there could be a conflictual coexistence of gift and exchange, which is potentially creative for the future.
|
|
| 6. |
- Caldera Aburto, José Trinidad
(författare)
-
Mental health in Nicaragua : with special reference to psychological trauma and suicidal behaviour
- 2004
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explores mental health problems relating to war and natural disaster and suicidal behaviour in the Nicaraguan population. The more specific aims of the study were to assess the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of mental disorder in a community-based study during time of war (Paper I), to assess the mental health impact of Hurricane Mitch in 1998 (Paper II), to assess the incidence of hospitalized parasuicide cases and groups at risk (Paper III), and to examine suicide intent among attempters relating to gender, suicide method and sociodemographic factors and identify predictors for repetition of an attempt (Paper IV).Method: Based on 4453 family food ration books for families living in an urban area of León, Subtiava, 219 families including 746 adults were selected through a systematic sampling procedure. The study was conducted in 1987 during the war. We were able to reach 584 adults for interview according to the Present State Examination for ICD-9 diagnoses and Self-Report Questionnaire (Paper I). In Paper II, 496 adult primary health care attendees were interviewed six months after Hurricane Mitch according to the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and were diagnosed for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV. In Papers III and IV, all cases from León city admitted to HEODRA Hospital for a suicide attempt over a three-year period (n=233) were interviewed regarding sociodemographic factors and method, time and place of the suicide attempt. A subgroup of 204 cases was interviewed using the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS). Out of those 106 cases were followed-up regarding repetition of attempt or completed suicide after a mean period of 1172 days.Results: In the Paper I study, the one-month prevalence of any mental disorder was 28.8% for men and 30.8% for women. Among men, alcoholism was the most common diagnosis, whereas neurosis, crisis reaction and depression were dominant among women. Alcoholism was scored as the second most severe disorder after psychosis in terms of functional level. In the Mitch study six months after the hurricane, traumatic events were common and 39% reported death or serious injury of a close relative as a result of the hurricane. The prevalence of PTSD ranged from 4.5% in the least damaged area to 9.0% in the worst damaged area. At the prolonged follow-up six months later, half of the cases still retained their diagnosis. Trauma-related symptoms were common and death of a relative, destroyed house, female sex, illiteracy and previous mental health problems were associated with a higher level of symptoms. Suicidal ideation was reported among 8.5% and was significantly associated with previous mental health problems and illiteracy. The studies regarding hospitalized parasuicides showed the highest rate among girls aged 15–19 years (302 attempts per 100 000 inhabitants and year). After drug intoxication, pesticide was the second most common method and most often used by men (23%). Half of the women had recent contact with health care services before attempting suicide. There were significant peaks regarding time of attempt in terms of seasonal and diurnal distribution. Overall scores regarding seriousness of the intent (SIS) were equal between the sexes, but the pattern of SIS items showed significant gender differences in terms of relation to background factors and method used. For women, having a child was one factor associated with higher seriousness. Factor analysis of SIS items revealed a four-factor solution, explaining 59% of the variance. Risk for fatal repetition was 3.2% after three years and for non-fatal repetition 4.8%. During follow-up, three men (11%) had completed suicide but no women. We failed to identify any predictors for repetition from background factors or SIS.Conclusion: The studies have identified different groups at risk for mental health problems relating to war and disasters. Parasuicide rates equalled those from European countries. Whereas young girls dominated, attempts among men were more severe in terms of the methods used and completed suicide at follow-up. SIS seemed to give a meaningful pattern among women but not for men. In our study, seriousness of attempt in terms of method or suicide intent did not predict repetition. Overall non-fatal repetition rate was very low as compared to other studies.
|
|
| 7. |
- Lundgren, Inger, 1952-
(författare)
-
Lost visions and new uncertainties : Sandinista profesionales in northern Nicaragua
- 2000
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Latin American countries where there are few private entrepreneurs, the state has often played a dominant role in the economy and in production and consequently state employees have wielded considerable influence. After the overthrow of the dictator Somoza in 1979, during eleven years of Sandinista rule the Nicaraguan state expanded considerably. This provided an opportunity for the growth of a middle class of Sandinista supporters to positions of influence over the direction of societal development, while at the same time it limited the influence of those who were not Sandinistas. In the elections of 1990 the revolutionary Sandinista government was replaced by an anti-Sandinista coalition of fourteen parties. This altered the situation for those members of the middle class who had benefited from state protection in the revolutionary period and left many of them unemployed.This thesis is based on fieldwork conducted from 1991 to 1993 in Estelí, a town in northern Nicaragua. It deals with the downward mobility experienced by a part of the Nicaraguan middle class - the profesionales - and the subsequent situation of such people who had to leave their former jobs as professionals and civil servants. These jobs had formed the bases from which they participated in the construction of Sandinista visions of the future, and wielded influence within the state. After the elections they found their opportunities restricted not only by neo-liberal measures to reduce the state, but also, as they saw it, by political revenge. The book attempts to promote increased understanding of contemporary social and political processes in Nicaragua by showing how the everyday lives of the Sandinista profesionales has become characterised by economic uncertainty and unemployment, fear of unpredictable violence and a general lack of societal trust. It asks how the Sandinista profesionales manage to cope with their current situation, how the explain it and where they place the blame for their predicament. Which role do they themselves believe they could play in the present and future Nicaragua? Have they adapted to the new circumstances or are they struggling to recover the same influence in society that the former positions within the state granted them?
|
|
| 8. |
- Ståhl, Bertil, 1957-
(författare)
-
Theophrastaceae
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Flora de Nicaragua. - St. Louis : Missouri Botanical Garden Press. - 0915279959 ; , s. 2448-2450
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
