| 41. |
- Petersson Hjelm, Ann-Christine
(author)
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Kriminalvetenskapliga inslag i svensk straffverkställighet
- 2001
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In: Rättslig integration och pluralism: Nordisk rättskultur i omvandling. - Stockholm : Institutet för Rättshistorisk forskning, grundat av Gustav och Carin Olin. - 9185190667 ; , s. 147-172
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 42. |
- Sjöberg, Lina, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Matrix som metafor
- 2004
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In: Dagens nyheter. - : Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm. - 1101-2447.
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Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 43. |
- Toma-Dasu, Iuliana, et al.
(author)
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The relationship between temporal variation of hypoxia, polarographic measurements and predictions of tumour response to radiation
- 2004
-
In: Physics in Medicine and Biology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0031-9155 .- 1361-6560. ; 49:19, s. 4463-4475
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The polarographic oxygen sensor is one of the most used devices for in vivo measurements of oxygen and many other measurement techniques for measuring tumour hypoxia are correlated with electrode measurements. Little is known however about the relationship between electrode measurements and the real tissue oxygenation. This paper investigates the influence of the temporal change of the hypoxic pattern on the electrode measurements and the tumour response. Electrode measurements and tumour response were simulated using a computer program that allows both the calculation of the tissue oxygenation with respect to the two types of hypoxia that might arise in tumours and the virtual insertion of the electrode into the tissue. It was therefore possible to control the amount of each type of hypoxia in order to investigate their influence on the measurement results. Tissues with several vascular architectures ranging from well oxygenated to poorly oxygenated were taken into consideration as might be seen in practice. The influence of the electrode measurements on the treatment outcome was estimated by calculating the tumour control probability for the tumours characterized either by the real or by the measured tumour oxygenation. We have simulated electrode oxygen measurements in different types of tissues, covering a wide range of tumour oxygenations. The results of the simulations showed that the measured distribution depends on the details of the vascular network and not on the type of hypoxia. We have also simulated the effects of the temporal change of the acute hypoxic pattern due to the opening and the closure of different blood vessels during a full fractionated treatment. The results of this simulation suggested that the temporal variation of the hypoxic pattern does not lead to significantly different results for the electrode measurements or the predicted tumour control probabilities. In conclusion, it was found that the averaging effect of the electrode leads to a systematic deviation between the actual oxygen distribution and the measured distribution. However, as the electrode reflects the general trends of the tissue oxygenation it has the potential of being used for the general characterization of tumour hypoxia even if the actual type of hypoxia measured by the electrode cannot be determined. Indeed, the change in time of the acute hypoxic region does not compensate for the lack of oxygenation at a specific moment and therefore does not influence the polarographic oxygen measurements.
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| 44. |
- Toma-Dasu, Iuliana, et al.
(author)
-
Theoretical simulation of oxygen tension measurement in tissues using a microelectrode: I. The response function of the electrode
- 2001
-
In: Physiological Measurement. - : IOP Publishing. - 0967-3334 .- 1361-6579. ; 22:4, s. 713-725
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this article is to determine the correlation between the actual oxygen distribution in tissues and the distribution of oxygen measured by microelectrodes. This correlation is determined by the response function of the electrode, which depends on the oxygen consumed by the electrode. In tissue it is necessary to consider the gradients resulting from cellular respiration. A computer program has been used to simulate the vascular structure of various tissues and also the measurements of oxygen tension using a polarographic electrode. The electrode absorption process is described using a theoretical model. The gradient of oxygen in tissue is described by a mathematical model that takes into consideration both diffusion and cellular consumption of oxygen. We have compared the results obtained using the response function of the electrode and some simplifications of it. The results of these comparisons show that there are some differences in the 'observed' distributions of the oxygen tension in tissues predicted using different formulae for the electrode response function. Also, there are considerable differences between the input oxygen distribution and the measured values in all cases. All the results of the simulations of the oxygen tension 'observed' by a 12 microm polarographic electrode, using different response functions of the electrode, show that the electrode averages the values from many cells. Care should be taken in using a simplification for the response function of the electrode, especially if the results are going to be used as input values in modelling the tumour response to new treatments and/or as a basis of selecting patients for treatments. A computer simulation of measurement of oxygen tensions in regions of steep pO2 gradients shows that extremely high and extremely low pO2 values will not be detected.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Öhman, Marcus, et al.
(author)
-
Slagging tendencies of wood pellet ash during combustion in residential pellet burners
- 2004
-
In: Biomass and Bioenergy. - Oxford : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 27:6, s. 585-596
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ash related problems have more than occasionally been observed in pellet burners during the last years. These problems can lead to reduced accessibility of the combustion systems as well as bad publicity for the market. The objectives of the present work were to; (i) evaluate how different raw materials for pellets affect the accessibility of the existing burner equipment, (ii) determine which of the ash forming element(s) that could be responsible for the deposit/slagg formation and, (iii) estimate the critical slagging temperature for the different raw materials. Stored and fresh materials from sawdust, logging residues and bark were used as raw material in three different pellet burners. The results showed that the slagging properties were relatively sensitive to the variations in total ash content and ash forming elements of the fuel. It is therefore recommended that ash rich fuels like bark and logging residues should not be used in the existing residential pellet burners. Both fuel and burner type affected the amounts of ash deposit produced. The degree of sintering (i.e. the strength of the deposits) was mostly affected by the fuel composition. Subsequent controlled sintering test of the produced deposits/slags showed critical slagging temperatures of about 850-900°C for stored bark and about 1000°C for fresh bark and stored and fresh materials from sawdust and logging residues. The results further indicated that the Si-content in the fuel correlated (relatively) well to the sintering tendencies in the burners. Chemical equilibrium models were used to interpret the experimental findings, and good quantitative agreements between modelling and experimental results were generally obtained. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 47. |
- Bergman, Mats, et al.
(author)
-
The relative importance of actual and potential competition: Empirical evidence from the pharmaceuticals market
- 2003
-
In: Journal of industrial economics. - : Wiley. - 0022-1821 .- 1467-6451. ; 51, s. 455-467
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study actual and potential competition and other factors that determine price paths of brand-name drugs in the Swedish pharmaceuticals market. The results indicate that the price of the incumbent product is lowered by potential competition, entry of (additional) generics, and the introduction of a so-called reference-price system. We also identify a 'ratchet' effect, through which price regulation makes entry-deterring limit-pricing credible.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Ekbom, Tord, et al.
(author)
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Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP-Hypertension-2.
- 2004
-
In: Blood pressure. - Oslo : Informa UK Limited. - 0803-7051 .- 1651-1999. ; 13:3, s. 137-41
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To perform a subgroup analysis on those patients in STOP-Hypertension-2 who had isolated systolic hypertension. DESIGN AND METHODS: The STOP-Hypertension-2 study evaluated cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in elderly hypertensives comparing treatment with conventional drugs (diuretics, beta-blockers) with that of newer ones [angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium antagonists]. In all, 6614 elderly patients with hypertension (mean age 76.0 years, range 70-84 years at baseline) were included in STOP-Hypertension-2. In the present subgroup analysis of STOP-Hypertension-2, isolated systolic hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure at least 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure below 95 mmHg, in accordance with the Syst-Eur and Syst-China study criteria. In total, 2280 patients in STOP-Hypertension-2 met these criteria. In the study, patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups: "conventional" antihypertensive therapy with beta-blockers or diuretics (atenolol 50 mg, metoprolol 100 mg, pindolol 5 mg, or fixed-ratio hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg plus amiloride 2.5 mg daily); ACE inhibitors (enalapril 10 mg or lisinopril 10 mg daily); or calcium antagonists (felodipine 2.5 mg or isradipine 2.5 mg daily). Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS: The blood pressure lowering effect in patients with systolic hypertension was similar with all three therapeutic regimens: 35/13 mmHg in the conventional group (n=717), 34/12 mmHg in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 724), and 35/13 mmHg in the calcium antagonist group (n=708). Prevention of cardiovascular mortality, the primary endpoint of the study, did not differ between the three treatment groups. All stroke events, i.e. fatal and non-fatal stroke together, were significantly reduced by 25% in the newer-drugs group compared with the conventional group (95% CI 0.58-0.97; p=0.027). This difference was attributable to reduction of non-fatal stroke while fatal stroke events did not differ between groups. New cases of atrial fibrillation were significantly increased by 43% (95% CI 1.02-1.99; p=0.037) on "newer" drugs compared with "conventional" therapy, mainly attributable to the calcium antagonists. There were no significant differences between the three treatment groups with respect to the risks of myocardial infarction, sudden death or congestive heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis demonstrated that "newer" therapy (ACE inhibitors/calcium antagonists) was significantly better (25%) than "conventional" (diuretics/beta-blockers) in preventing all stroke in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
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| 50. |
- Tajsharghi, Homa, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Myosin storage myopathy associated with a heterozygous missense mutation in MYH7.
- 2003
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In: Annals of neurology. - : Wiley. - 0364-5134 .- 1531-8249. ; 54:4, s. 494-500
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Myosin constitutes the major part of the thick filaments in the contractile apparatus of striated muscle. MYH7 encodes the slow/beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain (MyHC), which is the main MyHC isoform in slow, oxidative, type 1 muscle fibers of skeletal muscle. It is also the major MyHC isoform of cardiac ventricles. Numerous missense mutations in the globular head of slow/beta-cardiac MyHC are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We identified a missense mutation, Arg1845Trp, in the rod region of slow/beta-cardiac MyHC in patients with a skeletal myopathy from two different families. The myopathy was characterized by muscle weakness and wasting with onset in childhood and slow progression, but no overt cardiomyopathy. Slow, oxidative, type 1 muscle fibers showed large inclusions consisting of slow/beta-cardiac MyHC. The features were similar to a previously described entity: hyaline body myopathy. Our findings indicate that the mutated residue of slow/beta-cardiac MyHC is essential for the assembly of thick filaments in skeletal muscle. We propose the term myosin storage myopathy for this disease.
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