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- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) applicata agli Autonomous Systems
- 2018
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study of artificial intelligence applied to autonomous systems has in recent years aroused growing interest at the international level, and it is expected that this interest will continue to grow in the coming years [34]. It is a fairly well known fact that in the past many technologies now used in the civil field have seen the light, more or less secretly, in the military sector. Consider, for example, the so-called ARPANET, developed by the US defense department, which anticipated the modern Internet, but also algorithms for data encryption, thermal cameras, and many other commonly used technologies. Today the scenario has partly changed, shifting the leadership of innovation towards other domains, since there is a considerable boost to the technological development in the civil field with the advance of connected society paradigms like Smart-City and Industry 4.0. One example is related to the self-driving vehicles, born in the military sector, which are developing more rapidly in the civil sphere with the attractive self-driving cars. It is therefore important to transfer enabling technologies from one domain to another (cross-fertilization) and to draw appropriately from the outside (open innovation). This is achieved through studies and researches such as the one addressed by this monograph. The objective of this study is to analyze the principles, the basic methodologies and the operational tools of artificial intelligence applied to autonomous systems, at the modeling and technology level, in order to replace human-controlled vehicles with autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles (e.g. drones) in high-risk operating environments, as well as to reduce human errors and to speed up response times, for example in operations command and control centers. The study presents an overview of the information fusion approaches to enable artificial cognition, mentioning several relevant applications in the military field, already at an advanced phase of development or even at an embryonic level. These approaches can be used to strengthen weapon systems and defense means, with greater ability to adapt to the operational context for the dynamic management of uncertainties and unforeseen events, as well as for experiential evolution and learning. Future applications include not only self-driving vehicles and smart weapons, but also the strengthening of soldiers through prosthetics and exoskeletons. Many of the future projections have been formalized by the working group on Symbiotic Autonomous Systems – which the writer is a member of – of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), enclosed in a special White Paper [34]. The present study addresses the impact of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the use of the military instrument when this technology will be applied to military assets and weapon systems, taking into account the different declinations of AI, including: • deterministic (semi)autonomous systems implemented through Boolean logical operators (eg Event Trees); • (semi)Autonomous systems based on probabilistic / stochastic models for the representation of knowledge and inference (eg Bayesian Networks); • (semi)Autonomous systems based on trained artificial neuronal models (ANN, Artificial Neural Networks). These approaches are based on different models of machine learning, which can be supervised or not. They apply to classification and clustering approaches in modern data analysis approaches, particularly in the presence of large amounts of information (big data analytics). This study distinguishes between semi-autonomous AI models, which require the confirmation of decisions by human operators (DSS, Decision Support Systems), and complete autonomy, which presents predictability problems impacting the verification and validation process and therefore system safety. These are the cases in which the aforementioned ethical, procedural, normative and legal implications are more relevant [1]. The introduction of autonomous systems equipped with artificial intelligence involves transformations also at the level of military logistics, which can be interpreted in two directions. On the one hand, it is necessary to plan the procurement of enabling technologies, the so-called deployable systems based on secure wireless networks, and the updating of systems to support complete digitalisation, which is an essential pre-requisite for the adoption of the instrument. The other side of the coin is the use of a higher level of automation in military logistics, supported by the AI. Here we can mention the automatic multi-objective optimization algorithms for decision support (eg genetic and evolutionary programming), the computation of the most efficient paths (in terms of time, energy, etc.), the dynamic definition of optimization priorities, as well as aspects of resilience through automatic re-planning of the route in the event of interruptions on the predefined trajectory. For all that has been said so far, it is clear that the development of the AI will have consequences on the future organization of the armed forces, both for the conduct of the operations and for the structure and numbers of the defense sector. As in other areas subject to automation through the use of new digital technologies, even in the military one the human role of decision supervision, feedback and control of high-level operations will remain decisive for many years. At the same time, however, the need for training and specialization in line with the complete computerization will arise, with significant impacts in terms of information security (or cybersecurity), which will require increasingly specific skills. The fact that complete autonomy would be possible in the event of unavailability of personnel in control centers implies not only a higher level of security, but also the possibility of reducing organizational redundancies by dedicating resources to different and more specialized tasks. As already underlined, there are significant ethical and legal implications related to future decision-making processes for the choice of using force through a weapon system governed by an artificial intelligence, potentially endowed with a high level of autonomy. It is therefore essential to define clear and shared limitations and conditions of autonomy for the verifiability and traceability of the decision-making process. In particular, in order to govern decision-making and prevent ambiguities, it is essential to apply the well-known RACI (Responsible Accountable Consulted Informed) paradigm, which defines for each action who is responsible for its implementation, who is associated with its administrative / legal responsibility, who will have to be consulted for further information and possible approval, and finally who will have to be simply, but obligatorily, informed. All aspects related to international safety certifications that regulate design, development and verification of systems whose malfunctions can impact on the safety of people are also essential. Many of the current reference standards are no longer adequate if we consider the current and anticipated evolution of AI, and therefore they will have to be adjusted accordingly.
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- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-
(författare)
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Sistemi autonomi simbiotici e sicurezza
- 2019
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Ingår i: Mondo Digitale. - Italy. - 1720-898X. ; :80
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper addresses the security of the interactions between machines and humans in the context of Symbiotic Autonomous Systems (SAS). In particular, the paper will provide an overview of the security in interconnected devices, including cybersecurity and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) security. We will also mention some recent security developments related to the Internet of Things (IoT).
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- Scarpa, Simone, 1976-
(författare)
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La riforma delle politiche per gli anziani non autosufficienti in Italia e in Svezia : un caso di asimmetria apparente?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Stato e Mercato. - Bologna (Italien) : Societa Editrice Il Mulino. - 0392-9701. ; :3, s. 473-508
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Last years' reforms affected in an extremely different way the Swedish and the Italian elderly care systems, even if these reforms had been apparently inspired by the same "watchwords". In the article the comparison of the effects of these reforms assumes a "broad" definition of care: the reciprocal interrelations between market, state and family are underlined together with their transformations caused by the introduction of the recent reforms. In the 90s the Italian and the Swedish welfare state experienced a further step towards the decentralization of responsibilities on elderly care: in both countries responsibilities for the provision of home care services have been transferred to the municipalities. In the same time, both countries experienced a trend towards the marketization and the informalization of elderly care with a growing importance of private and non profit providers and of family solidarities. However, even after the introduction of these reforms, a substantial confirmation of the differences between the "family ideologies" that historically distinguished the Swedish and Italian welfare states can still be found rather than an evidence of a convergence of their elderly care systems.
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- Trenta, Cristina, 1967-
(författare)
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Iva e servizi di comunicazione nel modello comunitario e nell'esperienza italo-svedese
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- That PhD research was mainly concerned with the national implementations of Directives1999/59/EC and 2002/38/EC, currently contained in Directive 2006/112/EC, in respect tocommunication services in the field of VAT and territoriality of intellectual services andintangible assets, in both Sweden and Italy. It aimed at providing an overview of Communityrequirements, and of current issues, national debates, steps towards compliance and thedifferent degree of harmonisation within the European regulatory framework attained in thetwo countries. It also detailed the changes in Swedish and Italian VAT Tax Law in connectionwith communication services. Special attention was devoted to providing a correct model forthe classification of transactions relating to telecommunications services, radio and televisionbroadcasting services and services supplied by electronic means, at both the Community andnational levels, as this identification and classification directly shapes the very way the rules ofterritoriality are applied.As such, that research targeted some of the most critical aspects of the nationalimplementations in the two countries and their possible lack of harmonization with theEuropean framework:1. the problem of the identification and classification of telecommunication services, radioand television broadcasting services and services supplied by electronic means at theCommunity level and in the two countries, in relation to territoriality;2. the principle of territoriality at the Community level in the field of telecommunications,radio and television broadcasting and electronic services, and its implementation in Swedenand Italy;3. the VAT rates applicable to each of these services and the impact of these rates onnational tax systems.Therefore, that research did not investigate European legislation per se, but rather as seenthrough the lens of national systems as they are implemented by means of laws and decrees.The results showed a lack of harmonization connected with the national implementation ofDirectives and suggested the factual possibility that double imposition (or lack of imposition aswell) issues may rise in transactions between Member States. It was clear how these issuesbuilt on a generic lack of clarity which is evident in the text of the Directives, and inimplementation errors at the national level.
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