| 61. |
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| 62. |
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Educational policies : implications for equity, equality and equivalence
- 2004
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is part of one of the studies within the project “What about equivalence” granted by The Swedish Research Council and led by Professor Tomas Englund at Örebro University, Sweden. Studying equity, equality and equivalence in education across borders posses a number of challenges associated not only to their conceptualization but to other aspects such as the historical and political dimensions. The different approaches that are found in sociological analysis of educational equity show the underlined complexity. Acknowledging these limitations the aims of this report are threefold. (a) To present main issues concerning the implications for equity, equality and equivalence of the current educational policies in different national educational systems. (b) To present, and to some extent expose for further discussion, what concepts, theoretical grounds and indicators are used to approach the subject at issue. (c) To present some of the current concerns on equity, equality and equivalence in other educational contexts and in Sweden in order to, at a later stage, assess its possible relationship. The report also expects to be a springboard for the further joint enquiry and discussions to come among the scholars who have been involved in its realization and others interested in the subject. The scope is therefore limited to this needed open up to mutual knowledge of perspectives on a complex issue, which is of paramount importance for school practices.The perspectives on equity, equality, and equivalence, which are presented in this report varies indeed concerning both the conceptual frames as well as the methodological approaches used by each contributor. Rather than a hindrance this “diversity” is assumed as a meaningful contribution to the tenet supported in this report that issues of equity, equality and equivalence should be viewed with a broader perspective beyond simple comparison of concepts across national educational systems. The contributions here presented indeed map this broad perspective.
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| 63. |
- Ekroth, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Skattesekretess : del 2
- 2010
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Ingår i: Svensk skattetidning. - : Norstedts Juridik AB. - 0346-2218. ; 77:10, s. 901-917
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 64. |
- Ekroth, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Skattesekretess : del 1
- 2010
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Ingår i: Svensk skattetidning. - : Norstedts Juridik AB. - 0346-2218. ; 77:9, s. 809-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 65. |
- Ekroth, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Skattesekretess i domstol
- 2011
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Ingår i: Skattenytt. - : Iustus förlag. - 0346-1254. ; :4, bil. Akademisk årsskrift, s. 80-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 66. |
- Elcadi, Guilherme H., et al.
(författare)
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A Strong Correlation Between Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex And Vastus Lateralis Activity During Running To Fatigue
- 2016
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Ingår i: Medicine and science in sports and exercise. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 48:5, s. 854-854
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fatigue is a phenomenon of pronounced importance in sports. Recently, there is strong evidence of interplay between the prefrontal cortex and motor output during fatiguing contractions. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC) due to its large involvement in cognitive and motor activities is believed to be involved but this requires physiological clarification. AIM: We investigated the relationship between DLPC activity - responses in oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and total hemoglobin (HbT) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) activity - quantified as root-mean-square (RMS) of the EMG signal, during a fatigue protocol.METHODS: Four male runners (32±12 yrs) with probes for NIRS over the DLPC and EMG over the VL performed a track running test at a constant speed to fatigue (exhaustion). The running speed was individually determined as the average speed of a 1200-m time trial performed ~3 days prior to testing. For NIRS changes in μmole/L of HbO2 and HbT were computed. The VL EMG-RMS of the contraction of each step was normalized as a percent of a submaximal reference contraction (%RMS), thus removing the non-activity between steps. Data of 10s epochs at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of time for each lap were averaged for analyses. Regression analyses performed with HbO2 and with HbT as dependent variables and %RMS as the independent variable.RESULTS: Over time there was an increase in HbO2 and HbT in the DLPC, and in VL-%RMS. Both HbO2 and HbT correlated strongly with EMG-RMS during running to fatigue (see figures below); p<0.001 for both.CONCLUSION: The strong relationship between DLPC and VL activities during running to fatigue suggests the involvement of the DLPC in the central processing of fatigue.
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| 67. |
- Elcadi, Guilherme H., 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygenation and Hemodynamics Do Not Underlie Early Muscle Fatigue for Patients with Work-Related Muscle Pain
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS (Public library of science). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients suffering from work-related muscle pain (WRMP) fatigue earlier during exercise than healthy controls. Inadequate oxygen consumption and/ or inadequate blood supply can influence the ability of the muscles to withstand fatigue. However, it remains unknown if oxygenation and hemodynamics are associated with early fatigue in muscles of WRMP patients. In the present study we applied near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and trapezius (TD) muscles of patients with WRMP (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 17). Our objective was to determine if there were group differences in endurance times for a low-level contraction of 15% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) -sustained for 12-13 min, and to see if these differences were associated with differences in muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics. At baseline, oxygen saturation (StO(2)%) was similar between groups for the ECR, but StO2% was significantly lower for TD for the WRMP patients (76%) compared to controls (85%) (P < 0.01). Also, baseline ECR blood flow was similar in the two groups. For both muscles there were a larger number of patients, compared to controls, that did not maintain the 15% MVC for the allotted time. Consequently, the endurance times were significantly shorter for the WRMP patients than controls (medians, ECR: 347 s vs. 582 s; TD: 430 s vs. 723 s respectively). Responses in StO(2)% during the contractions were not significantly different between groups for either muscle, i.e. no apparent difference in oxygen consumption. Overall, we interpret our findings to indicate that the early fatigue for our WRMP patients was not associated with muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics.
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| 68. |
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| 69. |
- Elcadi, Guilherme H., 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Shoulder and forearm oxygenation and myoelectric activity in patients with work related muscle pain and healthy subjects
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - New York : Springer. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 113:5, s. 1103-1115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We tested hypotheses of (i) reduced oxygen usage, oxygen recovery, blood flow and oxygen consumption; and (ii) increased muscle activity for patients diagnosed with work related muscle pain in comparison to healthy controls. Oxygenation was measured with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and muscle activity with EMG for the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and trapezius descendens (TD) muscles. Eighteen patients with diffuse neck-shoulder-arm pain and seventeen controls (matched in age and sex) were equipped with NIRS and EMG probes. After determining an individual’s maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force, short term (20 sec) isometric contractions for the ECR and TD of 10%, 30%, 50% and 70% MVC generated ∆StO2% and StO2% recovery (Rslope) from NIRS, and RMS%max from EMG signals. In addition, upper arm venous (VO) and arterial (AO) occlusions generated slopes of total hemoglobin (HbTslope) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHbslope) for the resting ECR as surrogates of blood flow and oxygen consumption, respectively. Mixed Model analyses, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney test were used to assess differences between groups. There was no significant difference in MVC between groups for either muscle. Also, ∆StO2%, Rslope for either muscle, and ECR-HbTslope were not different between groups, thus our hypotheses of reduced oxygen use, recovery, and blood flow for patients were not confirmed. However, patients had a significantly lower ECR-HHbslope confirming our hypothesis of reduced consumption. Further, there was no difference in RMS%max during contractions meaning that the hypothesis of increased activity for patients was not confirmed. When taking into account the number of NIRS variables studied, differences we found between our patient group and healthy controls (i.e. in forearm oxygen consumption and shoulder oxygen saturation level) may be considered modest. Overall our findings may have been impacted by the fact that our patients and controls were similar in muscle strength, which is in contrast to previous studies.
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| 70. |
- Elcadi, Guilherme H., 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between oxygenation and myoelectric activity in the forearm and shoulder muscles of males and females
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 111, s. 647-658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to investigate the relationship between oxygen saturation (StO(2)%) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and myoelectric activity (root mean square, RMS) for the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and trapezius muscles. In addition, gender differences were examined for submaximal (10-70% MVC) and sustained (10% MVC for 5 min) isometric contractions. Thirteen males and 15 females participated. Changes in StO(2)% (a dagger StO(2)%) and RMS, expressed as percentages of maximum, were calculated for each submaximal contraction. A good correlation between a dagger StO(2)% and RMS was seen for the ECR (r = -0.53) and a moderate correlation seen for the trapezius muscle (r = -0.44). The ANOVA showed a significant decrease in ECR-a dagger StO(2)% over force with females demonstrating a tendency for larger changes than males. ECR-RMS increased over force with no impact of gender. For the trapezius, a dagger StO(2)% decreased over force but was not gender dependent. Trapezius-RMS increased over force with females demonstrating a tendency for greater change than males. For the sustained contraction, ECR-StO(2)% changed over time but was not gender dependent. ECR-RMS increased over time with females showing a greater response than males. Trapezius-StO(2)% changed over time and differed between genders, i.e., males increased while females decreased. RMS increased over time similarly for both genders. In conclusion, our data show that the ECR and trapezius aerobic demands during isometric contractions are negatively correlated to electromyography (EMG) RMS. The present study also suggests some gender specificity for forearm and shoulder myoelectric activity and oxygenation for submaximal and sustained contractions.
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