| 1. |
- Dupoux, Marion, et al.
(författare)
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Can the environment be an inferior good? A theory with context-dependent substitutability and needs
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Theoretical models often assume the environment to be a normal good, irrespective of one’s income. However, a priori, nothing prohibits an environmental good from being normal for some individuals and inferior for others. We develop a conceptual framework in which private consumption and an environmental public good act as substitutes or complements for satisfying different needs. Subsequently, the environment can switch between normal and inferior depending on one’s income and environment. If the environment is inferior for some range of income, then the willingness to pay for environmental preservation becomes non-monotonic, thereby having implications for benefit transfers.
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| 2. |
- Clementson, Joel, et al.
(författare)
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Atomic data and theoretical X-ray spectra of Ge-like through V-like W ions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. - : Elsevier BV. - 0092-640X. ; 100:2, s. 577-649
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The atomic structure and spectra of ten tungsten ions have been calculated using the Flexible Atomic Code. The calculations yield energy levels, radiative lifetimes, spectral line positions, transition probability rates, and oscillator strengths for the tungsten ions isoelectronic to germanium, W42+, through vanadium, W51+. Collisional-radiative models for high-temperature, low-density plasmas have been implemented to produce line emissivities for X-ray transitions in the 1-4 keV (3-12 angstrom) spectral interval. The Ge-like through V-like W ions are important in nuclear fusion research where their spectra may provide diagnostic information on magnetically confined plasmas. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Woldu, Zerihun, et al.
(författare)
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The shrubland vegetation in western Shewa, Ethiopia and its possible recovery
- 1991
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Ingår i: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 2:2, s. 173-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shrubland vegetation and environmental data in western Shewa, Ethiopia have been analysed. Vegetation data include cover-abundance values of vascular plant species; en- vironmental data comprise physical and chemical properties of the soil, altitude, slope, grazing and browsing pressure.The vegetation data were subjected to hierarchical and non-hierarchical classification and ordination with correspondence analysis. The classification resulted in seven different vegetation types, ranging from grassland with scattered shrubs to degen- erated forest. Ordination of the data and biplot analysis showed that the vegetation is influenced by anthropogenic factors and altitudinal variation. Sand content is related to a low level of anthropogenic influence whereas silt content is related to a high level. This is explained by historical events rather than by the present situation. Total nitrogen, organic carbon, altitude and slope are positively correlated and these variables are negatively related to anthropogenic influences.The shrubland vegetation may have expanded from lower altitudes and drier sites as forests gradually disappeared.The recovery of an economically more rewarding vegetation type may be achieved through providing alternative sources of fuel and construction and through prohibiting cultivation and grazing in the shrublands on the hillsides. Regeneration can be accelerated by actively introducing seedlings of tree species that do not need a heavy canopy cover for establishment and growth.
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