| 551. |
- Kindlund, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Toughness Enhancement in Hard Ceramic Thin Films by Alloy Design
- 2013
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Ingår i: APL Materials. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 2166-532X. ; 1:4, s. 042104-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hardness is an essential property for a wide range of applications. However, hardness alone, typically accompanied by brittleness, is not sufficient to prevent failure in ceramic films exposed to high stresses. Using VN as a model system, we demonstrate with experiment and density functional theory (DFT) that refractory VMoN alloys exhibit not only enhanced hardness, but dramatically increased ductility. V0.5Mo0.5N hardness is 25% higher than that of VN. In addition, while nanoindented VN, as well as TiN reference samples, suffer from severe cracking typical of brittle ceramics, V0.5Mo0.5N films do not crack. Instead, they exhibit material pile-up around nanoindents, characteristic of plastic flow in ductile materials. Moreover, the wear resistance of V0.5Mo0.5N is considerably higher than that of VN. DFT results show that tuning the occupancy of d-t2g metallic bonding states in VMoN facilitates dislocation glide, and hence enhances toughness, via the formation of stronger metal/metal bonds along the slip direction and weaker metal/N bonds across the slip plane.
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| 552. |
- Kindlund, Hanna, 1984-
(författare)
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Toughness Enhancement in Hard Single-Crystal Transition-Metal Nitrides : V-Mo-N and V-W-N Alloys
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transition-metal nitrides are known for their high hardness, good wear resistance, high-temperature stability, and chemical inertness. Because of these properties, they are extensively used in many industrial applications, notably as protective wear, erosion, and scratch resistant coatings, which are often subjected to high thermo-mechanical stresses. While high hardness is essential, most applications also require high ductility, to avoid brittle failure due to cracking. However, transitionmetal nitrides, as most ceramics, generally exhibit low ductility and hence poor toughness.Improving toughness, the combination of hardness and ductility, of ceramic materials requires suppression of crack initiation and/or propagation, both of which depend on the microstructure, electronic structure, and bonding nature of the coating material. This, however, is an extremely challenging task that requires a fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of materials. Theoretical studies, for example, ab initio calculations and simulations are therefore useful in the design of “unbreakable” materials by providing information about the electronic origins of hardness and ductility. Recent density functional theory calculations predicted that alloying can increase toughness in a certain family of transition-metal nitrides such as V-Mo-N and V-W-N alloys. Toughness enhancement in these alloys arises from a near optimal filling of the metallic d-t2g states, due to their high valence electron concentrations, leading to an orbital overlap which favors ductility during shearing.This thesis focuses on the growth and characterization of V1-xMoxNy (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7, 0.55 ≤ y ≤ 1.03) and V1-xWxNy (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.83, 0.75 ≤ y ≤ 1.13) cubic alloy thin films. I show that alloying VN with WN increases the alloy hardness and reduces the elastic modulus, an indication of enhanced toughness. I investigated the growth, nanostructure, and atomic ordering of as-deposited V1-xWxNy(001)/MgO(001) thin films. In addition, I studied the growth, structural and mechanical properties, and electronic structure of V1-xMoxNy(001)/MgO(001) and V0.5Mo0.5Ny(111)/Al2O3(0001) thin films. I demonstrate that these alloys exhibit not only higher hardness than the parent binary compound, VN, but also dramatically increased ductility. V0.5Mo0.5N hardness is more than 25% higher than that of VN. Using nanoindentation I show that while VN and TiN reference samples undergo severe cracking typical of brittle ceramics, V0.5Mo0.5N films do not crack. Instead, they exhibit material pile-up around nanoindents, characteristic of plastic flow in ductile materials. Furthermore, the wear resistance of V0.5Mo0.5N is significantly higher than that of VN. I also show, for the first time, anion-vacancyinduced toughening of single-crystal V0.5Mo0.5Ny/MgO(001) films. Nanoindentation hardness of these alloys increases with the introduction of N-vacancies, while the elastic modulus remains essentially constant. In addition, typical scanning electron micrographs of nanoindents show no cracks, which demonstrate that N-vacancies lead to toughness enhancement in these alloys. Valence band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses show that vacancy-induced toughening is due to a higher electron density of d-t2g(Metal) – d-t2g(Metal) orbitals with increasing N-vacancy concentration, and essentially equally dense p(N) – d-eg(Metal) first neighbor bonds.Overall, I demonstrate that it is possible to design and deposit hard and ductile transition-metal nitride coatings. My research results thus provide a pathway toward the development of new tough materials.
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| 553. |
- Kindlund, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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V0.5Mo0.5Nx/MgO(001): Composition, nanostructure, and mechanical properties as a function of film growth temperature
- 2017
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Ingår i: Acta Materialia. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 1359-6454 .- 1873-2453. ; 126, s. 194-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- V(0.5)Mo(0.5)Nx/MgO(001) alloys with the B1-NaCI structure are grown by ultra-high-vacuum reactive magnetron sputter deposition in 5 mTorr mixed Ar/N-2 atmospheres at temperatures T-s between 100 and 900 degrees C. Alloy films grown at T-s amp;lt;= 500 degrees C are polycrystalline with a strong 002 preferred orientation; layers grown at T-s amp;gt;= 700 degrees C are epitaxial single-crystals. The N/Metal composition ratio x ranges from 1.02 +/- 0.05 with T-s = 100-500 degrees C to 0.94 +/- 0.05 at 700 degrees C to 0.64 +/- 0.05 at T-s = 900 degrees C. N loss at higher growth temperatures leads to a corresponding decrease in the relaxed lattice parameter a(0) from 4.212 A with x = 1.02 to 4.175 angstrom at x = 0.94 to 4.120 angstrom with x = 0.64. V(0.5)Mo(0.5)Nx nanoindentation hardnesses H and elastic moduli E increase with increasing T-s, from 17 +/- 3 and 323 +/- 30 GPa at 100 degrees C to 26 +/- 1 and 370 +/- 10 GPa at 900 degrees C. Both polycrystalline and single-crystal V(0.5)Mo(0.5)Nx films exhibit higher toughnesses than that of the parent binary compound VN. V(0.5)Mo(0.5)Nx films deposited at higher Ts also exhibit enhanced wear resistance. Valence-band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses reveal an increased volume density of shear-sensitive d-t(2g) d-t(2g) metallic states for V(0.5)Mo(0.5)Nx compared to VN and the density of these orbitals increases with increasing deposition temperature, i.e., with increasing N-vacancy concentration.(C) 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 554. |
- Kindlund, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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V0.5Mo0.5Nx/MgO(001) layers grown at 100-900 °C : composition, nanostructure, and mechanical properties
- 2014
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- V0.5Mo0.5Nx/MgO(001) alloys with the B1-NaCl structure are grown by ultra-highvacuum reactive magnetron sputter deposition in 5 mTorr mixed Ar/N2 atmospheres at temperatures Ts which are varied from 100 and 900 °C. Alloy films grown at Ts ≤ 500 °C are polycrystalline with a strong 002 texture; layers grown at Ts ≤ 700 °C are epitaxial single-crystals. The N/Me ratio x ranges from 0.64±0.05 with Ts = 900 °C to 0.94±0.05 at 700 °C to 1.02±0.05 with Ts = 500 to 100 °C. The N loss at higher growth temperatures leads to a corresponding decrease in the relaxed lattice parameter ao from 4.212 Å with x = 1.02 to 4.175 Å with x = 0.94 to 4.121 Å with x = 0.64. V0.5Mo0.5Nx nanoindentation hardnesses H and elastic moduli E increase with increasing Ts from 17±3 GPa and 274±31 GPa at 100 °C to 26±1 GPa and 303±10 GPa at 900 °C. Films deposited at higher Ts also exhibit enhanced wear resistance. Scanning electron micrographs of nanoindents performed in single-crystal V0.5Mo0.5Nx films and films deposited at 100 and 300 °C reveal no evidence of cracking; instead they exhibit material pile-up around the indents characteristic of plastic flow in ductile materials. Valence band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses show an enhanced volume density of the shear sensitive d-t2g – d-t2g metallic states in V0.5Mo0.5Nx compared to VN and the density of these orbitals increases with increasing deposition temperature, i.e., the metallic states become more populated with the introduction of N vacancies.
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| 555. |
- Kindlund, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Vacancy-induced toughening in hard single-crystal V0.5Mo0.5Nx/MgO(001) thin films
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Materialia. - Oxford, England : Elsevier. - 1359-6454 .- 1873-2453. ; 77, s. 394-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a combination of experiments and density functional theory (DFT), we demonstrate the first example of vacancy-induced toughening, in this case for epitaxial pseudobinary NaCl-structure substoichiometric V0.5Mo0.5Nx alloys, with N concentrations 0.55 ≤ x ≤ 1.03, grown by reactive magnetron sputter deposition. The nanoindentation hardness H(x) increases with increasing vacancy concentration from 17 GPa with x = 1.03 to 26 GPa with x = 0.55, while the elastic modulus E(x) remains essentially constant at 370 GPa. Scanning electron micrographs of indented regions show ductile plastic flow giving rise to material pile-up, rather than cracks as commonly observed for hard, but brittle, transition-metal nitrides. The increase in alloy hardness with an elastic modulus which remains constant with decreasing x, combined with the observed material pile-up around nanoindents, DFT-calculated decrease in shear to bulk moduli ratios, and increased Cauchy pressures (C12-C44), reveals a trend toward vacancy-induced toughening. Moreover, DFT crystal orbital overlap population analyses are consistent with the above results.
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| 556. |
- Knutsson, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Early stage spinodal decomposition and microstructure evolution in TiAlN : A combined in-situ SAXS and phase field study
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper describes in detail the microstructure and phase evolution in Ti0.33Al0.67N and Ti0.50Al0.50N coatings during isothermal annealing, studied by in-situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), in combination with phase field simulations. We show that the isostructural spinodal decomposition occurs in two stages. During the initial stage, the phase segregation proceeds with a constant size of AlN- and TiN-rich domains with an experimentally measured radius of ~0.7 nm for 5 and 20 min at 900 and 850 °C respectively in the Ti0.50Al0.50N alloy. The length of the initial stage depends on temperature as well as metal composition, and is shorter for the higher Al-content coating. After the initial stage, the coherent cubic AlN- and TiN-rich domains coarsen. The coarsening process is kinetically limited by diffusion, which allowed us to estimate the diffusivity and activation energies of the metals to 1.4·10-7 m2s-1 and 3.14 eV at-1 respectively.
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| 557. |
- Knutsson, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure evolution during the isostructural decomposition of TiAlN : a combined in-situ small angle x-ray scattering and phase field study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 113:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes details of the spinodal decomposition and coarsening in metastable cubic Ti0.33Al0.67N and Ti0.50Al0.50N coatings during isothermal annealing, studied by in-situ small angle x-ray scattering, in combination with phase field simulations. We show that the isostructural decomposition occurs in two stages. During the initial stage, spinodal decomposition, of the Ti0.50Al0.50N alloy, the phase separation proceeds with a constant compositional wavelength of ∼2.8 nm of the AlN- and TiN-rich domains. The time for spinodal decomposition depends on annealing temperature as well as alloy composition. After the spinodal decomposition, the coherent cubic AlN- and TiN-rich domains coarsen. The coarsening rate is kinetically limited by diffusion, which allowed us to estimate the diffusivity and activation energy of the metals to 1.4 × 10−6 m2 s−1 and 3.14 eV at−1, respectively.
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| 558. |
- Knutsson, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal decomposition products in arc evaporated TiAlN/TiN multilayers
- 2008
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 93:14, s. 143110-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cubic metastable Ti0.34Al0.66 N/TiN multilayers were grown by reactive arc evaporation using Ti33-Al67 and Ti cathodes in a N2 atmosphere. X-ray diffractometry and high resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that metastable c-Ti 0.34Al0.66N partly decomposes after annealing at 900 °C into c-TiN rich and c-AlN rich phases with retained lattice coherency. Elemental mapping by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy showed a homogenous distribution of Ti and Al in the as-deposited 25 nm Ti0.34Al 0.66N layers. The annealed Ti0.34Al0.66N layers exhibited coherent 5 nm domains with high Al content surrounded by a high Ti content matrix. This nanostructure formation is discussed in terms of spinodal decomposition. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.
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| 559. |
- Kodambaka, S, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics of Ga droplet decay on thin carbon films
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 102:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using in situ transmission electron microscopy, we investigated the kinetics of liquid Ga droplet decay on thin amorphous carbon films during annealing at 773 K. The transmission electron microscopy images reveal that liquid Ga forms spherical droplets and undergo coarsening/decay with increasing time. We find that the droplet volumes change non-linearly with time and the volume decay rates depend on their local environment. By comparing the late-stage decay behavior of the droplets with the classical mean-field theory model for Ostwald ripening, we determine that the decay of Ga droplets occurs in the surface diffusion limited regime.
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| 560. |
- Kostov Gueorguiev, Gueorgui, et al.
(författare)
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CF(x): A first-principles study of structural patterns arising during synthetic growth
- 2011
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2614 .- 1873-4448. ; 516:1-3, s. 62-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Structural and bonding patterns arising from the incorporation of fluorine atoms in a graphene-like network relevant to the deposition of carbon fluoride (CF(x)) films were addressed by first-principles calculations. We find that large N-member (N = 8-12) rings, defects by sheet branching, and defects associated with bond rotation pertain to CF(x). The cohesive energy gains associated with these patterns are similar to 0.2-0.4 eV/at., which is similar to those for a wide range of defects in other C-based nanostructured solids. Fullerene-like CF(x) is predicted for F concentrations below similar to 10 at.%, while CF(x) compounds with higher F content are predominantly amorphous or polymeric.
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