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- Andrén, Thomas, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Östersjön förändras ständigt
- 2005
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In: Upsala nya tidning. - 1104-0173. ; :8/6:8 juni
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 5. |
- Bertrand, Yann
(author)
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Relationships between nomenclature, phylogenetics and systematics
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Systematists have become increasingly aware of the limits imposed by the current system of nomenclature for accurately representing evolutionary relationships and managing efficiently names associated with clades. In reaction, a new system of nomenclature, the PhyloCode is being developed that fully recognizes the historical nature of taxonomy and the importance of the cladistics revolution. As a consequence, questions emerge about the new historical entities of systematics, questions that can be apprehended through the lens of epistemology, philosophy of language and metaphysics. What is the ontological nature of entities that lack any other essential features besides spatiotemporal properties? How to depart from the fixed realm of immutable and transcendental essence into a worldview wherein all biological entities are characterized by their temporality and materiality? What are the consequences of nomenclatural decisions on other sectors of biology? With the ever growing sequencing capacity and tree reconstructing abilities, our conceptualization of phylogenetic relationships is changing at an unprecedented pace. Then it begs the question, what prevents communication break down when the references of clades’ names are changing almost on a daily basis. These are some of the fundamental issues I am tackling in the present work. Addressing the ontological issue, I argue that species and clades are best perceived as mereological sums of individuals, which means that each biological individual is the unique individual composed of all its less inclusive individuals and nothing more. I propose to separate the meanings of “clade” and “monophyletic group”. I suggest to use “monophyletic” for an epithet referring to a defining property of a set (a natural kind) and “clade” for a noun which corresponds to a historical entity (an individual) resulting from evolutionary process. I present the idea that a phyloname is not attached to a single clade but to a natural kind containing as members the clades that would be selected in counterfactual phylogenies. The defining properties of this natural kind are provided by the phylogenetic definition. Finally I stress that taxonomists are also driven by the will to narrate the same sort of history, when they adjust the reference of names in light of new phylogenetic data, which leads me to submit that taxa can also be perceived as narratives.
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- Bertrand, Yann, et al.
(author)
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Taxonomic surrogacy in biodiversity assessments, and the meaning of Linnaean ranks
- 2006
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In: Systematics and Biodiversity. ; 4:2, s. 149-159
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The majority of biodiversity assessments use species as the base unit. Recently, a series of studies have suggested replacing numbers of species with higher ranked taxa (genera, families, etc.); a method known as taxonomic surrogacy that has an important potential to save time and resources in assesments of biological diversity. We examine the relationships between taxa and ranks, and suggest that species/higher taxon exchanges are founded on misconceptions about the properties of Linnaean classification. Rank allocations in current classifications constitute a heterogeneous mixture of various historical and contemporary views. Even if all taxa were monophyletic, those referred to the same rank would simply denote separate clades without further equivalence. We conclude that they are no more comparable than any other, non-nested taxa, such as, for example, the genus Rattus and the phylum Arthropoda, and that taxonomic surrogacy lacks justification. These problems are also illustrated with data of polychaetous annelid worms from a broad-scale study of benthic biodiversity and species distributions in the Irish Sea. A recent consensus phylogeny for polychaetes is used to provide three different family-level classifications of polychaetes. We use families as a surrogate for species, and present Shannon–Wiener diversity indices for the different sites and the three different classifications, showing how the diversity measures rely on subjective rank allocations
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- Björnsson, Gunnar, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Argumentationsanalys : Färdigheter för kritiskt tänkande
- 2009. - 2
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ny reviderad utgåva.Att tänka kritiskt är att självständigt ta ställning till rimligheten i påståenden och argument. Det är en ovärderlig förmåga när vi ställs inför frågor där svaren är många och motstridiga och argumentationen pekar i olika riktningar. I sådana situationer kan det vara svårt att skaffa sig överblick över argumenten, ta ställning till deras styrka och göra en samlad bedömning av alternativen. Lyckligtvis är detta svårigheter som går att hantera med just sådana verktyg som Argumentationsanalys erbjuder. Genom att använda dem förbättrar vi vår förmåga att både identifiera argument i text och tal och bedöma deras beviskraft. Den som själv behöver skriva en argumenterande text eller göra ett argumenterande framförande har dessutom god hjälp av bokens metod att åskådliggöra hur olika argument i en viss fråga förhåller sig till varandra. Argumentationsanalys är en teoretisk och praktisk handledning med övningar. Boken riktar sig till studenter i humanistiska och samhällsvetenskapliga ämnen, men också till alla andra som konfronteras med komplicerade argumentationer.
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- Bolin, Göran, et al.
(author)
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Mobile Generations : The Role of Mobile Technology in the Shaping of Swedish Media Generations
- 2009
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In: International Journal of Communication. - 1932-8036. ; :3, s. 108-124
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is often argued that young people are among the first to adopt new mediatechnologies, and that they are especially keen on taking on all new featuresconnected with mobile technology and the Internet. In spite of this oft-repeatedclaim, one could suspect that since computers and mobile phones have become sowidespread among large portions of the populations in the industrialised world, itmight not be technology, per se, that distinguishes the young from the old, butrather the actual ways in which it is used. One approach to discuss this is in termsof media generations. It could be expected that generations that have grown upwith different mediated experiences during their formative years will relate to themobile technology in a variety of ways (cf. Mannheim, 1952 & Volkmer, 2006). Inthis article, three such generations are analysed: the radio/print generation (born inthe 1930s), the TV generation (born in the 1950s), and the mobile technologygeneration (born in the 1980s). Access and usage patterns are researched, and thedegree to which the three generations differ when it comes to their relations tomobile technology is discussed, but also the unifying character of the mobiletelephony usage. Our methodological approach is quantitative, analysing resultsfrom annually conducted postal surveys that are representative for the Swedishpopulation.
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- Brown, Barry, et al.
(author)
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Seeing Ethnographically: Teaching ethnography as part of CSCW
- 2007
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In: In L. J. Bannon, I. Wagner, C. Gutwin, R. H. R. Harper & K. Schmidt (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. London: Springer. - London : Springer. ; , s. 411-430, s. 411-430
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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