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| 32. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(author)
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Electrodynamic interaction between the CRIT I ionized barium streams and the ambient ionosphere
- 1990
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In: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177. ; 10, s. 67-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the CRIT I Critical Velocity experiment, launched from Wallops Island on 13 May, 1986, two fast barium streams were ejected by means of shaped charges. Their electrodynamic interaction with the ambient ionosphere is discussed. An outstanding feature of the DC electric field observed within the streams was a large magnetic-field-aligned component, persisting on the time scale of the passage of the streams. One interpretation of the DC electric field data is that the internal electric fields of the streams is not greatly modified by Birkeland currents, i.e. a state is established, where the transverse currents are to a first approximation divergence-free. It is argued that this interpretation can explain why a reversal of the strong explosion-directed electric field was observed in the first explosion but not in the second (more distant one). © 1989.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(author)
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Faster-than-Bohm Cross-B Electron Transport in Strongly Pulsed Plasmas
- 2009
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 103:22
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report the empirical discovery of an exceptionally high cross-B electron transport rate in magnetized plasmas, in which transverse currents are driven with abruptly applied high power. Experiments in three different magnetic geometries are analyzed, covering several orders of magnitude in plasma density, magnetic field strength, and ion mass. It is demonstrated that a suitable normalization parameter is the dimensionless product of the electron (angular) gyrofrequency and the effective electron-ion momentum transfer time, omega(ge)tau(EFF), by which all of diffusion, cross-resistivity, cross-B current conduction, and magnetic field diffusion can be expressed. The experiments show a remarkable consistency and yield close to a factor of 5 greater than the Bohm-equivalent values of diffusion coefficient D-perpendicular to, magnetic-diffusion coefficient D-B, Pedersen conductivity sigma(P), and transverse resistivity eta(perpendicular to).
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| 39. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(author)
-
HiPIMS optimization by using mixed high-power and low-power pulsing
- 2021
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In: Plasma sources science & technology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0963-0252 .- 1361-6595. ; 30:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The possibility to optimize a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge through mixing two different power levels in the pulse pattern is investigated. Standard HiPIMS pulses are used to create the ions of the film-forming material. After each HiPIMS pulse an off-time follows, during which no voltage (or, optionally, a reversed voltage) is applied, letting the remaining ions in the magnetic trap escape towards the substrate. After these off-times, a long second pulse with lower amplitude, in the dc magnetron sputtering range, is applied. During this pulse, which is continued up to the following HiPIMS pulse, mainly neutrals of the film-forming material are produced. This pulse pattern makes it possible to achieve separate optimization of the ion production, and of the neutral atom production, that constitute the film-forming flux to the substrate. The optimization process is thereby separated into two sub-problems. The first sub-problem concerns minimizing the energy cost for ion production, and the second sub-problem deals with how to best split a given allowed discharge power between ion production and neutral production. The optimum power split is decided by the lowest ionized flux fraction that gives the desired film properties for a specific application. For the first sub-problem we describe a method where optimization is achieved by the selection of five process parameters: the HiPIMS pulse amplitude, the HiPIMS pulse length, the off-time, the working gas pressure, and the magnetic field strength. For the second sub-problem, the splitting of power between ion and neutral production, optimization is achieved by the selection of the values of two remaining process parameters, the HiPIMS pulse repetition frequency and the discharge voltage of the low-power pulse.
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