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- Charles, Corinne, 1979-
(författare)
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Modelling microstructure evolution of weld deposited Ti-6Al-4V
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The microstructure and consequently the mechanical properties of titanium alloys are highly dependent on the temperature history endured by the material. The manufacturing process of metal deposition induces repetitive cooling and heating in the material determining a specific microstructure. The presented study is devoted to developing and implementing a microstructure model for Ti-6Al-4V intended to be coupled to a thermo- mechanical model of the metal deposition process.Microstructural analysis of the metal deposited samples was first performed to understand the formed microstructure. A set of representative parameters for microstructure modelling were then selected as representative for the known impact of Ti-6Al-4V microstructure on mechanical properties. Evolution equations for these parameters were implemented for thermal finite element analysis of the process. Six representative state variables are modelled: the phase volume fraction of total alpha, beta, Widmanstätten alpha, grain boundary alpha, martensite alpha, and the alpha lath thickness. Heating, cooling and repeated re-heating involved in the process of metal deposition are taken into account in the model. The phase transformations were modelled based on a diffusionnal theory described by a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami formulation, as well as diffusionless transformations for the martensite alpha formation and the beta reformation during reheating. The Arrhenius equation is applied as a simplification to model temperature dependent alpha lath size calculation. Grain growth is not included in the present formulation, but would have to be added for capturing alpha lath coarsening during long term heat treatment.The temperature history during robotised tungsten inert gas deposition welding is simulated together with the microstructure. The implementation of the model handles well the complex cyclic thermal loading from the metal deposition process. A particular banded structure observed in the metal deposited microstructure is partially explained using the proposed microstructure model. It is concluded that although qualitatively interesting results have been achieved, further calibration testing over a wider range of temperature histories must be performed to improve the transformation kinetic parameters for reliable quantitative predictions of the microstructure.
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| 2. |
- Edstorp, Marcus, 1980-
(författare)
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Weld Pool Simulations
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This investigation is devoted to the study of welding and its effect on the workpiece, focusing on the thermo and fluid dynamical phenomena occuring during a autogenous or nonautogenous arc fusion welding process. Its aim is to simulate the behaviour of the weld pool and analyze the consequence of the solid-liquid phase change, thus obtaining a methodology for predicting the appearance of weld defects related to solidification and cooling. In order to accomplish this, we solve equations governing a number of continuum mechanical and electromagnetical quantities, as well as consider the motion of the freely moving boundary of the weld pool. Since the state of these quantities is strongly influenced by phenomena such as arc and droplet impingement, non-isothermal phase change, surface tension, Marangoni forces and Lorentz forces, much effort is necessarily devoted to the modelling of the corresponding fluxes and sources, as well as to the implementation of computationally efficient techniques for simulating the geometrical deformation of the workpiece, which in our setting is entirely determined by the motion of the weld pool surface.Common to all arc fusion welding processes is the employment of a welding arc. Many techniques rely on the arc to clean and shield the workpiece during the process, however in this study we consider it to be its main purpose to cause the local increase of thermal energy that is required for the establishment of the weld pool, and also to exert the mechanical forces that provoke the subsequent fluid flow which enhances heat transfer and facilitates weld penetration. The physics of the welding arc itself is quite intricate, and although the modelling of the arc is not the prime objective of this research project, we conclude that arc forces act on the pool surface, and that the investigation of the arc behaviour is important insofar that it provides input to the pool model and thus enables a more accurate prediction of the quality of the weldment that is created once the pool has solidified
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| 4. |
- Sikström, Fredrik, 1971-
(författare)
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Simulation-based feedback control of welding processes
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fusion welding for joining of metals is an important manufacturing process widely used in industry, and very appreciated for its usefulness. This thesis presents a strategy dealing with the problem of designing feedback control for robotised welding. The idea is to use off-line programming where computer aided robotics for weld sequences is integrated with finite element modelling for simulations and analyses of weld processes. By this approach the design, evaluations, trials and visualisation can be made “off-line”, beside or prior to continuous production. The focus is to reduce the amount of manpower and need for physical experiments. Focuses on the results are to ensure a high quality weld with limited residual stress and deformation. Different models for two types of austenitic steels and two types of weld sources has been calibrated and validated to form a basis for this strategy. Suggestions for systematic model calibration methods have been proposed including global and local optimisation methods. Experimental work has been performed to support and verify the simulation results and the usefulness of the method. The simulation based strategy has been evaluated and proven to work successfully in two different types of applications. The method is not independent of physical experiments since it is based on models that have to be calibrated, but the experiments needed are assumed to be carried out in a simple and cost efficient way. The thesis suggests how these experiments can be performed. The use of all these technologies is assumed to form an efficient tool for the welding engineer in order to obtain high weld quality in robotised welding. The research presented indicates that the methods work well in real situations and that further work for more robust industrialisation will be beneficial for the welding community.
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