| 28361. |
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| 28362. |
- Kain, Jaan-Henrik, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-Criteria Decision Aids for Sustainable Water Management
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Engineering Sustainability. - 1478-4629 .- 1751-7680. ; 160:2, s. 87-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article evaluates three multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) methods—Regime, Novel Approach to Imprecise Assessment and Decision Environments (Naiade) and Strategic Advisor (Strad)—from a process facilitation perspective. This research shows that Strad has many advantages over the other tools regarding knowledge management, pluralism, functionality, transparency and participation. Concluding recommendations are as follows. (1) Agree explicit aims with stakeholder participation and if the aims change during the process, this is to be communicated. (2) Match methodology with the aims of the process since it is not always necessary to base the ranking on complex mathematical calculations. (3) Participatory processes should be conducted with care as they are resource consuming. Select cases thoughtfully and design them with a reflective attitude. The systematic structure of going through one criterion at a time is perceived as more important than software aggregation of multiple criteria at the end. It was further concluded that MCDAs have to be transparent and software must be flexible with an understandable user interface.
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| 28363. |
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| 28364. |
- Kain, Jaan-Henrik, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a systemic understanding of compact city qualities
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Design. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1469-9664 .- 1357-4809. ; 27:1, s. 130-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The compact city concept remains a key policy response to multiple societal challenges. Based on theoretical and empirical research, this article seeks to a) develop a systemic understanding of compact city qualities; b) map alleged compact city qualities from the literature onto this framework; c) map qualities mentioned by stakeholders in two European cities onto the same framework; and d) apply the developed framework to analyse how compounded compact city qualities relate to policy challenges, such as carbon neutrality, poverty alleviation, neighbourhood revitalization, or community engagement. It is based on literature reviews and interviews with stakeholders in Barcelona and Rotterdam.
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| 28365. |
- Kain, Jaan-Henrik, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Translating Policies into Informal Settlements' Critical Services: Reframing, Anchoring and Muddling Through
- 2016
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Ingår i: Public Administration and Development. - : Wiley. - 0271-2075 .- 1099-162X. ; 36:5, s. 330-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines how policies and plans are translated into informal settlements' practice. It builds on literature on policy implementation practice and organization studies, and more particularly, it applies the concepts of reframing, anchoring and muddling through. The paper is informed by the case of Kisumu City in Kenya and its Kisumu Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and its implementation on Kisumu's informal settlements. The plan was funded by the Swedish International Development Agency through the United Nations Human Settlement Programme and implemented from 2007 to 2009. The study is based on action research carried out by a multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary group of researchers, through focus groups, participatory workshops, collaborative action, in-depth interviews, document analysis and observations. The paper examines what original aspects of Kisumu Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan were translated, that is, which ones faded out and which ones became stabilized into and travel as ‘best practices’ to other locations. The paper shows how the generation of ‘best practices’ can be loosely coupled with the practices that policy seeks to change. It concludes, in line with previous research in the field, how successful policy implementation is based on cultural and political interpretations rather on evidence of improved practices.
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| 28366. |
- Kain, Jaan-Henrik, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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What Makes a Compact City? Differences Between Urban Research in the Global North and the Global South
- 2020
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Ingår i: Offentlig förvaltning. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration. - : University of Gothenburg. - 2000-8058. ; 24:4, s. 25-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compact cities are promoted in policy as a response to current societal challenges, but it is unclear or ambiguous what qualities or benefits a compact city is supposed to deliver. The concept of the compact city is widely debated in the research literature, and there are numerous arguments both for and against compact cities. However, many studies or reviews tend to apply a delimited approach, discussing a confined number of qualities or basing the assessment on fairly narrow empirical material. Research is also carried out from within a number of separate disciplines or “discourses”. This paper aims to provide a clearer and more consolidated understanding of the wide spectrum of qualities that make up the compact city in support of better planning, governance and management of cities in the Global South. The objective is to present a review of current articles discussing the compact city in order to capture similarities and differences in the academic discourse between Global North and Global South contexts, and to outline a comprehensive compact city taxonomy. This is achieved by answering three questions: (1) What types of urban qualities are discussed in scientific articles studying urban compactness? (2) (How) do articles focusing on Global North and Global South contexts differ when it comes to exploring compact city qualities? and (3) Do the findings indicate areas of research withing the broader scope of urban compactness where research should be initiated or strengthened? The analysis is based on literature searches in the Scopus database for 2012-2015 using the search term “compact city”. A quantitative assessment was carried out, sifting out what terms are used to label purported (or debated) qualities of compact cities. Papers are sorted into different categories according to geoeconomic context (i.e. Global North, BRICS, Global South). The outcome is an extended taxonomy of compact city qualities, including twelve categories. Weaknesses in compact city research aimed at cities in the Global South were identified, linked in particular to nature, health, environmental issues, quality of life, sociocultural aspects, justice and economy, as well as a significant lack of compact city research linked to urban adaptability and resilience.
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| 28367. |
- Kaindl, Reinhard, et al.
(författare)
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Aerosol Jet Printing of Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Patterns on Realistically Rugged Substrates
- 2021
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Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 6:50, s. 34301-34313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Direct-write additive manufacturing of graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) patterns by aerosol jet printing (AJP) is promising for the creation of thermal and electrical interconnects in (opto)electronics. In realistic application scenarios, this however often requires deposition of graphene and CNT patterns on rugged substrates such as, for example, roughly machined and surface oxidized metal block heat sinks. Most AJP of graphene/CNT patterns has thus far however concentrated on flat wafer-or foil type substrates. Here, we demonstrate AJP of graphene and single walled CNT (SWCNT) patterns on realistically rugged plasma electrolytic-oxidized (PEO) Al blocks, which are promising heat sink materials. We show that AJP on the rugged substrates offers line resolution of down to similar to 40 mu m width for single AJP passes, however, at the cost of noncomplete substrate coverage including noncovered mu m-sized pores in the PEO Al blocks. With multiple AJP passes, full coverage including coverage of the pores is, however, readily achieved. Comparing archetypical aqueous and organic graphene and SWCNT inks, we show that the choice of the ink system drastically influences the nanocarbon AJP parameter window, deposit microstructure including crystalline quality, compactness of deposit, and inter/intrapass layer adhesion for multiple passes. Simple electrical characterization indicates aqueous graphene inks as the most promising choice for AJP-deposited electrical interconnect applications. Our parameter space screening thereby forms a framework for rational process development for graphene and SWCNT AJP on application-relevant, rugged substrates.
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| 28368. |
- Kainulainen, Jouni, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between turbulence energy and density variance in the solar neighbourhood molecular clouds
- 2017
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 608, s. 3-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between turbulence energy and gas density variance is a fundamental prediction for turbulence-dominated media and is commonly used in analytic models of star formation. We determine this relationship for 15 molecular clouds in the solar neighbourhood. We use the line widths of the CO molecule as the probe of the turbulence energy (sonic Mach number, ℳs) and three-dimensional models to reconstruct the density probability distribution function (ρ-PDF) of the clouds, derived using near-infrared extinction and Herschel dust emission data, as the probe of the density variance (σs). We find no significant correlation between ℳs and σs among the studied clouds, but we cannot rule out a weak correlation either. In the context of turbulence-dominated gas, the range of the ℳs and σs values corresponds to the model predictions. The data cannot constrain whether the turbulence-driving parameter, b, and/or thermal-to-magnetic pressure ratio, β, vary among the sample clouds. Most clouds are not in agreement with field strengths stronger than given by β ≲ 0.05. A model with b2β/ (β + 1) = 0.30 ± 0.06 provides an adequate fit to the cloud sample as a whole. Based on the average behaviour of the sample, we can rule out three regimes: (i) strong compression combined with a weak magnetic field (b ≳ 0.7 and β ≳ 3); (ii) weak compression (b ≲ 0.35); and (iii) a strong magnetic field (β ≲ 0.1). When we include independent magnetic field strength estimates in the analysis, the data rule out solenoidal driving (b < 0.4) for the majority of the solar neighbourhood clouds. However, most clouds have b parameters larger than unity, which indicates a discrepancy with the turbulence-dominated picture; we discuss the possible reasons for this.
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| 28369. |
- Kainulainen, Jouni, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of viewing angle on the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation of the local molecular clouds
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 659
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Gaia data give us an unprecedented view to the three-dimensional (3D) structure of molecular clouds in the solar neighbourhood. We study how the projected areas and masses of clouds, and consequently the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation, depend on the viewing angle. We derive the probability distributions of the projected areas and masses for nine clouds within 400 pc of the Sun using 3D dust distribution data from the literature. We find that the viewing angle can have a dramatic effect on the observed areas and masses of individual clouds. The joint probability distributions of the areas and masses are strongly correlated, relatively flat, and can show multiple peaks. The typical ranges and 50% quartiles of the distributions are roughly 100-200% and 20-80% of the median value, respectively, making viewing angle effects important for all individual clouds. The threshold value used to define the cloud areas is also important; our analysis suggests that the clouds become more anisotropic for smaller thresholds (larger scales). On average, the areas and masses of the plane-of-the-sky and face-on projections agree, albeit with a large scatter. This suggests that sample averages of areas and masses are relatively free of viewing angle effects, which is important to facilitate comparisons of extragalactic and Galactic data. Ultimately, our results demonstrate that a cloud's location in the KS relation is affected by the viewing angle in a non-trivial manner. However, the KS relation of our sample as a whole is not strongly affected by these effects, because the covariance of the areas and masses causes the observed mean column density to remain relatively constant.
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| 28370. |
- Kaipia, Riikka, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Can supplier innovations substitute for internal R&D? A multiple case study from an absorptive capacity perspective
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 1478-4092. ; 23:4, s. 242-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior literature suggests that significant internal R&D resources are needed to leverage suppliers for innovation and that external knowledge sources can be used to complement the internal knowledge base. Based on the analysis of four inbound open innovation projects at Fortum, a multinational energy utility company, we argue that companies with low R&D intensity may adopt an alternative approach which aims at substituting – not merely complementing – internal R&D with external innovations. We adopt the absorptive capacity perspective while investigating the cases and focus on four distinct sub-capabilities: acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation. We find that the substitution approach consists of short-term research on new technological areas in order to gain the ability to identify and evaluate alternative technologies, as well as joint business models and operations based on complementary capabilities between the parties. The cases also reveal that the innovation process requires significant collaboration and the buying company’s supplier management capabilities improve the success of inbound open innovation projects of this type.
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