| 1. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Are car users too lazy to walk? The relation of distance thresholds for driving to the perceived effort of walking.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study tested the hypothesis that frequent driving makes people averse to exerting physical effort through walking. In support of the hypothesis, the decrease in distance thresholds for driving associated with an increase in driving frequency was partially mediated by a measure of perceived exertion. Pol-icy implications of the obtained results are discussed with the suggestion being made that potentially effective means by which to decrease the frequency of short automobile trips may be through the use of land-use planning strategies and of de-marketing strategies for car use
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| 2. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975
(författare)
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Future urban sustainable mobility - Implementing and understanding the impacts of policies designed to reduce private automobile usage
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The historically recent growth in interest in policies designed to reduce private automobile usage, policies coming under the rubric of travel demand management (TDM), is offset by a paucity of systematic research concerning the procedures by which to define and implement such TDM policies or measures, the consequences of such TDM measures and the nature of the ensuing adaptation process occurring upon implementation of any TDM measure. The present thesis’ conceptual framework for understanding the effects of TDM measures extends and complements previous work in the transportation literature by drawing on psychological theories of goal setting and adaptation. The framework views travel choices as being determined by bundles of attributes characterising travel options and by goals and implementation intentions formed over time in response to evaluations of the psychological, generalised costs of current travel. Study I utilised travel diary data to demonstrate that the specific instantiation of a TDM measure (i.e., its spatial and temporal parameters) is critical to the understanding of the ways in which the travel options of various sociodemographic groups for various trip purposes are altered. Taken together, Studies II and III, which utilised focus groups and Internet-based surveys, revealed that people tend to minimise any reductions to their car use wherever possible, with any reductions being achieved in a manner minimising the psychological costs that do occur. That is, evidence consistent with a cost-minimisation principle of adaptation was obtained. Study IV demonstrated that the implementation of long-term TDM measures, assumed to have a bearing on the mobility options and adaptation alternatives available to people, is well suited to participatory planning methods involving the evaluation of future scenarios that are the result of careful analysis of present trends and plausible future developments. The methods examined are a means by which to better project potential and expected futures, and a means by which to systematically understand and communicate preferences for these futures, with reference to both scientific and non-scientific knowledge bases. In conclusion, this research presents some tentative, initial steps towards the greater theoretical understanding of the nature of TDM measures, the changes they effect, the citizens they affect and the principles underscoring citizens’ adaptation process to such TDM measures, with clear and definite practical implications concerning which things to do, why and how.
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| 3. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying with those punished in a social dilemma as a potential account of cooperation among the unpunished
- 2005
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Ingår i: . Paper presented at “The 11th international conference on social dilemmas”, Krakow, Poland.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims were to replicate the spill-over effect first described by Eek et al. (2002) and to examine factors influencing the size of the spill-over effect. A principal components analysis was conducted on 12 questions posed after participants had made their choices of cooperation or defection. Examination suggested three components, labelled normative motives, belongingness motives, and emotional motives. Each participant’s principal component scores were used in a multiple regression analysis. The belongingness component reliably predicted the size of the spill-over effect. Thus, identifying with the fee-payer increases the spill-over effect. This is consistent with, amongst other things, theories of social value ori-entation
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| 4. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping the potential consequences of car-use reduction in urban areas
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. ; 13, s. 135-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy measures managing the demand for private car use are contemplated in urban areas all over the world. A first step in evaluating the effectiveness — as well as the interrelated sociospatial consequences — of travel demand manage-ment (TDM) measures is determining how their implementation changes the travel options faced by households in different segments. Geocoded travel diary data from Gothenburg, Sweden, are analysed with the aim of determining the number and type of trips by car to the city centre that would be affected by the introduction of traffic regulations varying spatially and temporally. Logistic re-gression analyses are performed to identify effects on different trip purposes, as well as individual and household characteristics related to changes in travel op-tions. The possible application of the results within a policy context and to other urban areas is discussed along with the potential implications for research into adaptation strategies adopted in response to the implementation of TDM meas-ures.
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| 5. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
-
Public attitudes towards policy measures for reducing private car use
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. ; , s. 57-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an internet survey, a random sample of 291 university employees living in Gothenburg, Sweden, reported their beliefs and evaluations of the consequences of implementing three travel demand management (TDM) measures varying from less to more coercive. The results showed that respondents differentiated amongst the TDM measures in terms of each measure’s expected consequences and that, when combining these beliefs with evaluations, a statistically signifi-cant proportion of variance was accounted for in attitudes to the TDM measures. Environmental concern modified several of the effects of consequences on atti-tudes towards TDM measures, as well as influencing overall attitude. The gen-eral and practical implications of these findings for improving attitudes to such policies are also discussed.
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| 6. |
- Olsson, Lars E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental simulations of a subsidy system for sustainable production
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A multi-trial duopoly price-setting experiment was conducted to investigate the potential effectiveness of a governmental subsidy system aimed to reduce sales and therefore production of environmentally harmful products. Two levels of a subsidy for unsold units were compared with a control condition without a sub-sidy. The results showed that the subsidies did not erode competition but never-theless led to the setting of higher prices that resulted in fewer sales. In the con-trol condition a price-war led to decreasing prices and increasing sales. The ways in which the proposed subsidy system may be implemented in the transport sec-tor and other sectors are discussed. Specifically, it is proposed that the subsidy system may complement the newly introduced European Emission Trading Scheme.
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Lars E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental tests of system of governmental subsidies for sustainable production.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 7th Nordic Environmental Social Science (NESS) research conference, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multi-trial duopoly price-setting game was used to investigate the potential ef-fectiveness of a governmental subsidy system to reduce sales and therefore pro-duction of environmentally harmful products. Two levels of a subsidy for unsold units were compared with a control condition without a subsidy. The results showed that the subsidies did not prevent competition but nevertheless led to the setting of higher prices that resulted in fewer sales. In the control condition a price war led to decreasing prices and increasing sales. The ways in which the proposed subsidy system may be implemented in the transport sector and other sectors are discussed. Specifically, it is proposed that the subsidy system may complement the newly introduced European Emission Trading Scheme
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| 8. |
- Olsson, Lars E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Subsidies for sustainable production: Effects of changing subsidy level
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A multi-trial duopoly price-setting game was used to investigate the potential ef-fectiveness of a subsidy system aimed at reducing sales and thereby production of environmentally harmful products. In real life it is however likely that a subsidy level will never remain fixed, either nominally or in real value. Producers may also have unreliable perceptions of the subsidy level even if it does not change. Therefore, a subsidy, either fixed and known, varying randomly, or varying sys-tematically across trials, was investigated. The results showed that both fixed and known, as well as varying subsidy levels led to higher prices and thus re-duced sales compared to without a subsidy. Knowledge of a fixed subsidy level or expectations about a subsidy level based on previous trials, appeared to make participants refrain from setting lower prices than the subsidy level. Further-more, the results indicated that participants attempted to maximize their profit by selling to the lowest price, thus they stayed competitive and did not exploit the subsidy.
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