| 91. |
- Ulmestig, Rickard
(författare)
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På gränsen till fattigvård? : En studie om arbetsmarknadspolitik och socialbidrag
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation focuses on changes in labour market policies that were provided for unemployed recipients of social assistance between 1989 and 2002 in Sweden. This change is described as a process where the municipalities gradually take greater responsibility for the labour market policies. This group of unemployed is categorized as a particularly problematic group and has been referred to the municipalities. This takes place without any noticeable legislative change or policy decisions and is contrary to the appropriation directions that the government has given to the Labour Market Board. In this process responsibility has ?trickled? through to the municipalities. The process that is described and analyzed in this dissertation is a process that shows how unemployed recipients of social assistance gradually become a municipal responsibility. This entails amongst other things that the unemployed will continue to live off social assistance. The boundary between the government and the municipalities has changed between 1989 and 2002. Categories of unemployed who are adjudged to have great problems in establishing themselves in the labour market are referred to the municipalities. For those unemployed who are established within the unemployment insurance system and who do not need social assistance, there are no major institutional changes. This is ultimately a question of power. While the labour movement safeguards the interests of the unemployed within the unemployment insurance system the recipients of social assistance have few or none who safeguard their interests. Unemployed recipients of social assistance are referred to the municipal system that still has distinctive features from the poor relief period. They are provided with a labour market policy that differs in several essential aspects from the labour market policies that are part of the Swedish welfare state. They are provided with a labour market policy that is bordering on poor relief.
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| 92. |
- Wahlberg, Patrik, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Kernels and multiple windows for estimation of the Wigner-Ville spectrum of Gaussian locally stationary processes
- 2007
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. - Piscataway : IEEE Press. - 1053-587X .- 1941-0476. ; 55:1, s. 73-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper treats estimation of the Wigner-Ville spectrum (WVS) of Gaussian continuous-time stochastic processes using Cohen's class of time-frequency representations of random signals. We study the minimum mean square error estimation kernel for locally stationary processes in Silverman's sense, and two modifications where we first allow chirp multiplication and then allow nonnegative linear combinations of covariances of the first kind. We also treat the equivalent multitaper estimation formulation and the associated problem of eigenvalue-eigenfunction decomposition of a certain Hermitian function. For a certain family of locally stationary processes which parametrizes the transition from stationarity to nonstationarity, the optimal windows are approximately dilated Hermite functions. We determine the optimal coefficients and the dilation factor for these functions as a function of the process family parameter.
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| 93. |
- Waldenström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Migrating birds and tickborne encephalitis virus
- 2007
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Ingår i: Emerging Infectious Diseases. - : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). - 1080-6040 .- 1080-6059. ; 13:8, s. 1215-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During spring and autumn 2001, we screened 13,260 migrating birds at Ottenby Bird Observatory, Sweden, and found 3.4% were infested with ticks. Four birds, each a different passerine species, carried tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV)-infected ticks (Ixodes ricinus). Migrating birds may play a role in the geographic dispersal of TBEV-infected ticks.
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| 94. |
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| 95. |
- Wirandi, Jenny
(författare)
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Modelling and Validation of Industrial Measurement Systems - Aspects of Quality and Human Factors
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although there is a fairly large number of books and articles concerning the validation of technical measurement systems, there are only a few which take into account the whole measurement system consisting of both technical and non-technical aspects. A measurement system comprises both the measurement process and the human being who conducts the measurement. In this way, the human being may be a part of the initiating process (e.g. sampling), and/or part of the ongoing process (such as manual handling of the sample). The human being, however, is always a part of the final process, where the results are interpreted. The purpose of this thesis is to validate industrial measurement systems, including both technical and non-technical aspects of these systems, in order to understand them better and to increase the ability to estimate the quality of the product. In order to do so, a general method that estimates a quality index capable of handling both qualitative and quantitative factors is proposed. The suggested method uses a fuzzy neural network as a tool since such a tool has a learning function that allows the integration of the human judgement of quality into a quantitative index. This method thus constitutes a promising starting point for the future development of a representative quality index based on both quantitative and qualitative factors. Such an index may be able to allow better comparison of different products or services. Part I of this thesis gives a brief overview of the research methods used, the research areas investigated, and the theory behind this field. This thesis consists of eight papers, presented in Part II. The papers discuss, among other things, the role of the human being in automated measurement systems, problems that occur when implementing advanced measurement concepts to modern industries, automated control of sensors and quality assessments.
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| 96. |
- Wolf, Annett, et al.
(författare)
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Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions : incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction
- 2007
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 7:1, s. 31-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years evidence has emerged that the amount of isoprene emitted from a leaf is affected by the CO2 growth environment. Many - though not all - laboratory experiments indicate that emissions increase significantly at below-ambient CO2 concentrations and decrease when concentrations are raised to above-ambient. A small number of process-based leaf isoprene emission models can reproduce this CO2 stimulation and inhibition. These models are briefly reviewed, and their performance in standard conditions compared with each other and to an empirical algorithm. One of the models was judged particularly useful for incorporation into a dynamic vegetation model framework, LPJ-GUESS, yielding a tool that allows the interactive effects of climate and increasing CO2 concentration on vegetation distribution, productivity, and leaf and ecosystem isoprene emissions to be explored. The coupled vegetation dynamics-isoprene model is described and used here in a mode particularly suited for the ecosystem scale, but it can be employed at the global level as well. Annual and/or daily isoprene emissions simulated by the model were evaluated against flux measurements ( or model estimates that had previously been evaluated with flux data) from a wide range of environments, and agreement between modelled and simulated values was generally good. By using a dynamic vegetation model, effects of canopy composition, disturbance history, or trends in CO2 concentration can be assessed. We show here for five model test sites that the suggested CO2-inhibition of leaf-isoprene metabolism can be large enough to offset increases in emissions due to CO2-stimulation of vegetation productivity and leaf area growth. When effects of climate change are considered atop the effects of atmospheric composition the interactions between the relevant processes will become even more complex. The CO2-isoprene inhibition may have the potential to significantly dampen the expected steep increase of ecosystem isoprene emission in a future, warmer atmosphere with higher CO2 levels; this effect raises important questions for projections of future atmospheric chemistry, and its connection to the terrestrial vegetation and carbon cycle.
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| 97. |
- Yurova, Alla, et al.
(författare)
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Variations in net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a boreal mire: Modeling mechanisms linked to water table position
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2156-2202 .- 0148-0227. ; 112:G2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- [1] In mires, which occupy large areas of the boreal region, net ecosystem CO2 exchange ( NEE) rates vary significantly over various timescales. In order to examine the effect of one of the most influencing variables, the water table depth, on NEE the general ecosystem model GUESS-ROMUL was modified to predict mire daily CO2 exchange rates. A simulation was conducted for a lawn, the most common microtopographical feature of boreal oligotrophic minerotrophic mires. The results were validated against eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements from Degero Stormyr, northern Sweden, obtained during the period 2001 - 2003. Both measurements and model simulations revealed that CO2 uptake was clearly controlled by interactions between water table depth and temperature. Maximum uptake occurred when the water table level was between 10 and 20 cm and the air temperature was above 15 degrees C. When the water table was higher, the CO2 uptake rate was lower, owing to reduced rates of photosynthetic carbon fixation. When the water table was lower, NEE decreased owing to the increased rate of decomposition of organic matter. When the water table level was between 10 and 20 cm, the NEE was quite stable and relatively insensitive to both changes within this range and any air temperature changes above + 15 degrees C. The optimal water table level range for NEE corresponds to that characteristic of mire lawn plant communities, indicating that the annual NEE will not change dramatically if climatic conditions remain within the optimal range for the current plant community.
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| 98. |
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