| 1. |
- Engström, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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On two numerical methods for homogenization of Maxwell's equations
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0920-5071 .- 1569-3937. ; 21:13, s. 1845-1856
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When the wavelength is much larger than the typical scale of the microstructure in a material, it is possible to define effective or homogenized material coefficients. The classical way of determination of the homogenized coefficients consists of solving an elliptic problem in a unit cell. This method and the Floquet-Bloch method, where an eigenvalue problem is solved, are numerically compared with respect to accuracy and contrast sensitivity. Moreover, we provide numerical bounds on the effective permittivity. The Floquet-Bloch method is shown to be a good alternative to the classical homogenization method, when the contrast is modest.
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| 2. |
- Engström, Christian
(författare)
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Structural information of nanocomposites from measured optical properties
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 19:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is concerned with the estimation of the volume fraction and the anisotropy of a two-component composite from measured bulk properties. An algorithm that takes into account that measurements have errors is developed. This algorithm is used to study data from experimental measurements for a nanocomposite with an unknown nanostructure. The dependence on the nanostructure is quantified in terms of a measure in the representation formula introduced by D Bergman. We use composites with known nanostructures to illustrate the dependence on the underlying measure and show how errors in the measurements affect the estimates of the structural parameters.
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| 3. |
- Sitch, Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the carbon balance of circumpolar Arctic tundra using remote sensing and process modeling
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecological Applications. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1051-0761 .- 1939-5582. ; 17:1, s. 213-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews the current status of using remote sensing and process-based modeling approaches to assess the contemporary and future circumpolar carbon balance of Arctic tundra, including the exchange of both carbon dioxide and methane with the atmosphere. Analyses based on remote sensing approaches that use a 20-year data record of satellite data indicate that tundra is greening in the Arctic, suggesting an increase in photosynthetic activity and net primary production. Modeling studies generally simulate a small net carbon sink for the distribution of Arctic tundra, a result that is within the uncertainty range of field-based estimates of net carbon exchange. Applications of processbased approaches for scenarios of future climate change generally indicate net carbon sequestration in Arctic tundra as enhanced vegetation production exceeds simulated increases in decomposition. However, methane emissions are likely to increase dramatically, in response to rising soil temperatures, over the next century. Key uncertainties in the response of Arctic ecosystems to climate change include uncertainties in future fire regimes and uncertainties relating to changes in the soil environment. These include the response of soil decomposition and respiration to warming and deepening of the soil active layer, uncertainties in precipitation and potential soil drying, and distribution of wetlands. While there are numerous uncertainties in the projections of process-based models, they generally indicate that Arctic tundra will be a small sink for carbon over the next century and that methane emissions will increase considerably, which implies that exchange of greenhouse gases between the atmosphere and Arctic tundra ecosystems is likely to contribute to climate warming.
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| 4. |
- Tranvik, AC, et al.
(författare)
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Bed material deposition in cyclones of wood fuel fired circulating fluidized beds (CFBs)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - Washington : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 21:1, s. 104-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bed material samples were collected at different times from a full-scale combustion boiler, and bed material deposits were taken from the cyclone and the riser at two different occasions from a wood-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler (104 MWth). The bed materials and the bed material deposits were analyzed with environmental scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM/EDXS) to determine the characteristics of the formed bed particle layers and bed material deposits. On the basis of their elemental composition, the corresponding melting behavior was estimated, using data extracted from phase diagrams. The bed material was also fractionated by sieving, and the alkali metal concentration dependence on the particle size was determined. The bed material deposits found in the cyclone and the riser consisted of bed particles embedded in a low-temperature melting (sticky) alkali metal silicate (K and Na) that resemble the composition of the layer found around the cracks in older quartz bed particles. The alkali silicate formation, which is in progress in the vicinity of the formed cracks of older quartz bed particles, significantly transforms a large part of the bed particle and makes it less resistant against fragmentation. The results therefore suggest that elutriated alkali silicate-rich fragments from old quartz bed particles are responsible for bed material depositions in cyclones of wood-fired circulating fluidized beds (CFBs).
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| 5. |
- Waldenström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Migrating birds and tickborne encephalitis virus
- 2007
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Ingår i: Emerging Infectious Diseases. - : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). - 1080-6040 .- 1080-6059. ; 13:8, s. 1215-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During spring and autumn 2001, we screened 13,260 migrating birds at Ottenby Bird Observatory, Sweden, and found 3.4% were infested with ticks. Four birds, each a different passerine species, carried tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV)-infected ticks (Ixodes ricinus). Migrating birds may play a role in the geographic dispersal of TBEV-infected ticks.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Wolf, Annett, et al.
(författare)
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Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions : incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction
- 2007
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 7:1, s. 31-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years evidence has emerged that the amount of isoprene emitted from a leaf is affected by the CO2 growth environment. Many - though not all - laboratory experiments indicate that emissions increase significantly at below-ambient CO2 concentrations and decrease when concentrations are raised to above-ambient. A small number of process-based leaf isoprene emission models can reproduce this CO2 stimulation and inhibition. These models are briefly reviewed, and their performance in standard conditions compared with each other and to an empirical algorithm. One of the models was judged particularly useful for incorporation into a dynamic vegetation model framework, LPJ-GUESS, yielding a tool that allows the interactive effects of climate and increasing CO2 concentration on vegetation distribution, productivity, and leaf and ecosystem isoprene emissions to be explored. The coupled vegetation dynamics-isoprene model is described and used here in a mode particularly suited for the ecosystem scale, but it can be employed at the global level as well. Annual and/or daily isoprene emissions simulated by the model were evaluated against flux measurements ( or model estimates that had previously been evaluated with flux data) from a wide range of environments, and agreement between modelled and simulated values was generally good. By using a dynamic vegetation model, effects of canopy composition, disturbance history, or trends in CO2 concentration can be assessed. We show here for five model test sites that the suggested CO2-inhibition of leaf-isoprene metabolism can be large enough to offset increases in emissions due to CO2-stimulation of vegetation productivity and leaf area growth. When effects of climate change are considered atop the effects of atmospheric composition the interactions between the relevant processes will become even more complex. The CO2-isoprene inhibition may have the potential to significantly dampen the expected steep increase of ecosystem isoprene emission in a future, warmer atmosphere with higher CO2 levels; this effect raises important questions for projections of future atmospheric chemistry, and its connection to the terrestrial vegetation and carbon cycle.
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| 8. |
- Yurova, Alla, et al.
(författare)
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Variations in net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a boreal mire: Modeling mechanisms linked to water table position
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2156-2202 .- 0148-0227. ; 112:G2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- [1] In mires, which occupy large areas of the boreal region, net ecosystem CO2 exchange ( NEE) rates vary significantly over various timescales. In order to examine the effect of one of the most influencing variables, the water table depth, on NEE the general ecosystem model GUESS-ROMUL was modified to predict mire daily CO2 exchange rates. A simulation was conducted for a lawn, the most common microtopographical feature of boreal oligotrophic minerotrophic mires. The results were validated against eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements from Degero Stormyr, northern Sweden, obtained during the period 2001 - 2003. Both measurements and model simulations revealed that CO2 uptake was clearly controlled by interactions between water table depth and temperature. Maximum uptake occurred when the water table level was between 10 and 20 cm and the air temperature was above 15 degrees C. When the water table was higher, the CO2 uptake rate was lower, owing to reduced rates of photosynthetic carbon fixation. When the water table was lower, NEE decreased owing to the increased rate of decomposition of organic matter. When the water table level was between 10 and 20 cm, the NEE was quite stable and relatively insensitive to both changes within this range and any air temperature changes above + 15 degrees C. The optimal water table level range for NEE corresponds to that characteristic of mire lawn plant communities, indicating that the annual NEE will not change dramatically if climatic conditions remain within the optimal range for the current plant community.
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