| 1. |
- Patterson, Nick, et al.
(author)
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Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
- 2022
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In: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; , s. 588-594
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
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| 2. |
- Dahlgren, Curt, et al.
(author)
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Ashes: Sweden
- 2005
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In: Encyclopedia of Cremation. - 0754637735 ; , s. 60-64
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The article presents results from an investigation made in southern Sweden in 2001. Ten relatives of people whose remains were scattered were interviewed about the circumstances of the scattering. The forms for scattering the ashes varied depending on the locality. In several cases relatives scattered the ashes alone or together, and in some cases funeral directors and a minister did it. Reciting poems, singing hymns or traditional songs are not uncommon. Overall, the ceremony was a positive experience for the relatives, and it was seen as a terminal point of a long process. Several of the relatives also recognized the scattering of ashes as an option for the disposal of their own bodies after death. It is suggested that the scattering of ashes can be seen as a post-modern way of relating to rites of death.
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| 3. |
- Dahlgren, Curt, et al.
(author)
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Changing Customs in the late 1990s
- 2005
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In: Encyclopedia of Cremation. - 0754637735 ; , s. 60-64
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- In the late 1990s in Sweden a growing number of people chose to scatter the ashes of their cremated relatives in places other than public or private burial grounds. The option of scattering was, itself, made possible in 1957, and is strictly regulated. It is possible to see the private taking care of the ashes as a post-modern way of relating to rites of death. The purposes of these acts are to handle and structure a process, an event, an important value, or to create a meaning-shaping situation, which involves a considering of the will and intention of the deceased.
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| 4. |
- Shoemaker, Anna, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Back to the Grindstone? : The Archaeological Potential of Grinding-Stone Studies in Africa with Reference to Contemporary Grinding Practices in Marakwet, Northwest Kenya
- 2017
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In: African Archaeological Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0263-0338 .- 1572-9842. ; 34:3, s. 415-435
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article presents observations on grinding-stone implements and their uses in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, northwest Kenya. Tool use in Marakwet is contextualized with a select overview of literature on grinding-stones in Africa. Grinding-stones in Marakwet are incorporated not only into quotidian but also into more performative and ritual aspects of life. These tools have distinct local traditions laden with social as well as functional importance. It is argued that regionally and temporally specific studies of grinding-stone tool assemblages can be informative on the processing of various substances. Despite being common occurrences, grinding-stone tools are an under-discussed component of many African archaeological assemblages. Yet the significance of grinding-stones must be reevaluated, as they hold the potential to inform on landscapes of past food and material processing.
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| 5. |
- Shoemaker, Anna, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Grinding-stone implements in the eastern African Pastoral Neolithic
- 2019
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In: Azania. - : ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0067-270X .- 1945-5534. ; 54:2, s. 203-220
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Grinding-stone tools are a poorly utilised source of archaeological information in eastern Africa. Their presence is noted in multiple contexts, including both domestic and funerary, yet the inferences drawn from them are often limited. This short review paper presents existing information on grinding-stone tools (and stone bowls) from Pastoral Neolithic (PN) contexts in eastern Africa. Data on the diverse grinding-stone tool assemblages of the Pastoral Neolithic have been compiled with a focus on details of morphology and spatial, temporal and contextual distribution. Summarising what is known (and, perhaps more importantly, what is not known) about grinding-stones in the Pastoral Neolithic, this paper serves as a reminder that the function of grinding-stone tools was neither singular nor their significance simplistic.
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