| 1. |
- Artyushkov, E V, et al.
(author)
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The cause of loss of lithospheric rigidity in areas far from plate tectonic activity
- 2000
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In: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 143:3, s. 752-776
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Significant losses of lithospheric strength are generally considered to be almost entirely associated with abnormal heating or steep lithospheric bending and/or stretching near to active plate boundaries. Several areas-the western Greater Caucasus, the North Crimean basin, the Carpathian foredeep, the Peri-Caspian basin and the Trans-Caspian areas-are shown to have steep basement slopes, usually comprising a difference in height of several kilometres over lateral distances of only 20-30 km, corresponding to very low, similar to 3-5 km, effective elastic thicknesses of the lithosphere. Each of these areas is shown to have undergone rapid steepening of the basement slope, usually within 1-2 Myr but in up to 10 Myr in some areas. At such times, these localities were far from active plate boundaries and in positions where bending forces could not have been transmitted to them from far-distant plate activities. Surface and/or subsurface loading can similarly be excluded as mechanisms for such steepening, and there is no apparent outflow of crustal materials into adjacent regions. It is suggested that such rapid subsidence far from plate tectonic activity is caused by rapid increases in the local density of the lithosphere. This could occur as a result of, for example, a gabbro-eclogite transformation in the lower crust, catalysed by the infiltration of volatiles from the asthenosphere. The resultant contraction of the mafic rocks would be non-uniform in space and produce high deviatory stresses, reducing the viscosity in the lower crust to similar to 10(23) Pa s. This would result in the rapid subsidence of the top of this layer, accompanied by steep ductile bending of the overlying upper crust. Such steer downwarping of the basement would be accompanied by a similar steepening of the underlying weakened mantle. The formation of such steep slopes thus indicates a weakening of the entire lithospheric layer, most probably due to the infiltration of volatiles from the asthenosphere, and unrelated to coeval plate tectonic activity.
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| 2. |
- Bergström, A., et al.
(author)
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Obesity and renal cell cancer : a quantitative review
- 2001
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In: British Journal of Cancer. - London, United Kingdom : Nature Publishing Group. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 85:7, s. 984-990
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among women, while the evidence for men is considered weaker. We conducted a quantitative summary analysis to evaluate the existing evidence that obesity increases the risk of renal cell cancer both among men and women. We identified all studies examining body weight in relation to kidney cancer, available in MEDLINE from 1966 to 1998. The quantitative summary analysis was limited to studies assessing obesity as body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2)), or equivalent. The risk estimates and the confidence intervals were extracted from the individual studies, and a mixed effect weighted regression model was used. We identified 22 unique studies on each sex, and the quantitative analysis included 14 studies on men and women, respectively. The summary relative risk estimate was 1.07 (95% CI 1.05-1.09) per unit of increase in BMI (corresponding to 3 kg body weight increase for a subject of average height). We found no evidence of effect modification by sex. Our quantitative summary shows that increased BMI is equally strongly associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among men and women.
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| 3. |
- Büki, Andras, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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A koponyasérülés által kiváltott axonkárosodás és kezelésének lehetóségei : [Therapeutic possibilities in axonal injury caused by head trauma]
- 2002
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In: Orvosi Hetilap. - : Akademiai Kiado Rt.. - 0030-6002 .- 1788-6120. ; 143:10, s. 499-503
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Traumatic brain injury is putting an extreme burden on societies all over the world. While surgical and neuro-intensive treatment is traditionally aimed at space occupying or focal lesions, traumatic brain injury is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury, which significantly contributes to its morbidity and mortality. Current taught appreciates that diffuse axonal injury is a progressive event gradually evolving from focal alterations in axolemmal permeability and the underlying axonal ultrastructure to axonal disconnection, a process amenable of therapeutic interventions. This review is primarily focusing on the clinical/neuroradiological manifestation and our contemporary knowledge of the pathobiology of traumatically evoked (diffuse-) axonal injury with particular emphasize on recent- to date, primarily experimental-therapeutic approaches that in the future might offer potential aid to the head injured.
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| 4. |
- Gerdin, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Forms of contingency fit in management accounting research : a critical review
- 2004
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In: Accounting, organizations and society. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0361-3682. ; 29, s. 303-326
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Contingency literature in the accounting control area has for a long time been criticized for being fragmentary and contradictory as a result of methodological limitations. A review of 10 articles in the strategy-MAS area adds to this picture by showing that many different forms of fit have been used, and that very few researchers fully acknowledge the difficulties of relating these forms to each other. As a result, some researchers claim that their findings are contradictory when this is not necessarily the case, while others incorrectly argue that their results are strongly supported by previous studies.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Levin, Jörgen, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Tillväxt, inkomstfördelning och fattigdom i u-länderna
- 2001
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In: Ekonomisk debatt. - 0345-2646. ; :2, s. 105-116
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Denna artikel presenterar en översikt över aktuell litteratur om sambanden mellan ekonomisk tillväxt, inkomstfördelning och fattigdom. Dessutom diskuteras inverkan av ekonomisk politik på dessa tre faktorer. Slutligen dras några slutsatser om strategier för fattigdomsminskning. En viktig slutsats är att länder som är framgångsrika när det gäller ekonomisk tillväxt oftast är framgångsrika i att minska fattigdomen. Hur stor effekt tillväxten har på fattigdomen beror på vad som händer med inkomstfördelningen. Den ekonomiska politiken bör stimulera en uppbyggnad av de fattigas tillgångar och även öka efterfrågan på dem. Åtgärder för att säkra en långsiktig tillväxt av de fattigas inkomster bör dessutom kompletteras med direkta åtgärder för att hjälpa fattiga hushåll att handskas med risk. Det är dock ofta svårt att reformera den ekonomisk-politiska miljön och politiska makthavare kan vara ovilliga till att genomföra nödvändiga reformer.
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| 7. |
- Lindblad, Per, 1953-
(author)
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Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma
- 2004
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Surgery. - London, United Kingdom : Sage Publications. - 1457-4969 .- 1799-7267. ; 93:2, s. 88-96
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increasing incidence of RCC in most populations may in part be due to increasing numbers of incidentally detected cancers with new imaging methods. Further, the increase is not only limited to small local tumours but also includes more advanced tumours, which may to some part explain the still high mortality rates. The variation in incidence between populations may have several other explanations. Traditionally the starting point has included thoughts of environmental exposures, which so far have only in part explained the causes of RCC, by means of cigarette smoking and obesity, which may account for approximately 40% of cases in high-risk countries (Table 2). Further, the genetic variations may be of importance as a cause of the difference between populations. Continued research in RCC is needed with the knowledge that nearly 50% of patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. The further search for environmental exposures should take in account the knowledge that RCC consists of different types with specific genetic molecular characteristics. These genetic alterations have in some cases been suggested to be associated with specific exposures. Furthermore, there might exist a modulating effect of genetic polymorphisms among metabolic activation and detoxification enzymes. Hence, a further understanding of the genetic and molecular processes involved in RCC will hopefully give us a better knowledge how to analyse and interpret exposure associations that have importance for both initiation and progression of RCC.
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| 8. |
- Ljungqvist, Olle, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Preoperative fasting
- 2003
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In: British Journal of Surgery. - West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons. - 0007-1323 .- 1365-2168. ; 90:4, s. 400-6
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and methods: To avoid pulmonary aspiration, fasting after midnight has become standard in elective surgery, but recent studies have found no scientific support for this practice. Several anaesthesia societies now recommend a 2-h preoperative fast for clear fluids and a 6-h fast for solids in most elective patients. The literature supporting such fasting recommendations was reviewed.Results: The recommendations are safe and improve well-being before operation, mainly by reducing thirst. A carbohydrate-rich beverage given before anaesthesia and surgery alters metabolism from the overnight fasted to the fed state. This reduces the catabolic response (insulin resistance) after operation, which may have implications for postoperative recovery.Conclusion: Most patients having elective operations can be allowed a free intake of clear fluids up to 2 h before anaesthesia. Preoperative carbohydrates reduce postoperative insulin resistance.
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| 9. |
- N'Guessan, Benoit, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects of mitochondrial function in human skeletal and cardiac muscles
- 2004
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In: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. - Dordrecht, Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0300-8177 .- 1573-4919. ; 256-257:1-2, s. 267-80
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Techniques and protocols of assessment of mitochondrial properties are of physiological and physiopathological important significance. A precise knowledge of the advantages and limitations of the different protocols used to investigate the mitochondrial function, is therefore necessary. This report presents examples of how the skinned (or permeabilized) fibers technique could be applied for the polarographic determination of the actual quantitative and qualitative aspects of mitochondrial function in human muscle samples. We described and compared the main available respiration protocols in order to sort out which protocol seems more appropriate for the characterization of mitochondrial properties according to the questions under consideration: quantitative determination of oxidative capacities of a given muscle, characterization of the pattern of control of mitochondrial respiration, or assessment of a mitochondrial defect at the level of the respiratory chain complexes. We showed that while protocol A, using only two levels of the phosphate acceptor adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentration and the adjunction of creatine, could be used for the determination of quantitative changes in very small amount of muscle samples, the ADP sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration was underestimated by this protocol in muscles with high oxidative capacities. The actual apparent Km for ADP and the role of functional activation of miCK in ATP production and energy transfer in oxidative muscles, are well-assessed by protocol B (in the absence of creatine) together with protocol C (in the presence of creatine) that use increasing concentrations of ADP ranging from 2.5-2000 microM. Protocol D is well-adapted to investigate the potential changes at different levels of the respiratory chain, by the use of specific substrates and inhibitors. As can be seen from the present data and the current review of previous reports in the literature, a standardization of the respiration protocols is needed for useful comparisons between studies.
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| 10. |
- Nilsagård, Ylva, et al.
(author)
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Timed up and go – ett test i tiden : en litteraturöversikt
- 2003
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In: Nordisk Fysioterapi. - 1402-3024. ; 7:3, s. 32-48
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Timed Up and Go-test (TUG) measures balance/physical mobility. The aim of this review was to illustrate TUG's developmental steps, describe the different modifications of TUG and the efforts that has been made to test validity and reliability and finally in what other types of studies it have been used. A literature search in Medline and Cinahl was carried through and resulted in 100 abstracts that were analyzed and categorized according to their content. Some variants of TUG describe adding a manual or cognitive task and calculating the difference in time between TUG and TUG manual/ cognitive; diffTUG. Reliability and validity has been demonstrated to be high for older people. There is some disagreement regarding TUG's predictive value for falls. TUG has been used in effect-, survey- and correlationstudies, and as criterioninstrument as well as in reviews. TUG may in it's simplicity be recommended both in clinical environment and for research purposes, especially for older people.
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