| 31. |
- Svensson, Inger-Lise, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Socio-Techincal Aspects of Potential Future Use of Excess Heat from Kraft Pulp Mills
- 2009
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Ingår i: 22nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. ; :Paper 0612, s. 995-1004
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest energy users in Sweden and in 2007 2.2 TWh of heat was delivered from pulp mills, mainly to district heating systems. In this study, two market kraft pulp mills and two energycompanies (ECOs) have been interviewed about their views on excess heat, energy efficiency and energy strategies.The interviews have been brought together with results from previous optimization studies concerning kraft pulp millexcess heat by the authors and results from other related work in a socio-technical synthesis that aims to provide amore comprehensive view on the factors that influence the utilization of kraft pulp mill excess heat than achieved inprevious studies. The results show that the kraft pulp mills are more positive towards sales of excess heat than theECOs, which can be related to the fact that the ECOs take a greater risk when entering a heat cooperation. Anotherbarrier to co-operations is the already existing utilities in the ECOs that compete with excess heat for the position asbase load in the district heating systems. Both internal and external use of excess heat can benefit from policymeasures. Other important factors are the view on energy-related investments in the mill, the level of communicationbetween the parties, and the goodwill qualities obtained through energy-efficient solutions.
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| 32. |
- Sörensen, Thomas
(författare)
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Den nordamerikanska milisrörelsen
- 2008
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Ingår i: Borgerlighet i vapen. - Malmö : Malmö University Press.
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 33. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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An energy-efficient Swedish pulp and paper industry : exploring barriers to and driving forces for cost-effective energy efficiency investments
- 2008
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 1:1, s. 21-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-effective energy efficiency measures are not always implemented, which is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. This paper investigates whether this holds for the Swedish pulp and paper industry, and if so, investigates the barriers inhibiting and the driving forces stressing cost-effective energy efficiency investments. By so, this case study covers about 2% of the EU-25 industrial end-use of energy. The overall results from a questionnaire show that there is an energy efficiency gap in the sector and that the largest barriers were technical risks such as risk of production disruptions, cost of production disruption/hassle/inconvenience, technology inappropriate at the mill, lack of time and other priorities, lack of access to capital, and slim organization. As regards the driving forces for energy efficiency, the highest ranked driving forces were cost reductions resulting from lower energy use, people with real ambition, long-term energy strategy, the threat of rising energy prices, the electricity certificate system, the PFE. The results show that many of the barriers and driving forces were not solely market-related, e.g., lack of time or other priorities, slim organization, other priorities for capital investments, lack of staff awareness, and long decision chains indicate that firm-specific barriers plays an important role. These barriers may not be overcome by market-related public policy instruments but is rather a consequence of how the energy issue is organized within the firms. The second and the third largest driving forces, people with real ambition and a long-term energy strategy further support this.
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| 34. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring energy management in the Swedish pulp and paper industry : Volume 3
- 2009
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Ingår i: Act! Innovate! Deliver! Reducing energy demand sustainably. - : eceee. - 9789163344541 ; , s. 1051-1058
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish pulp- and paper industry is a considerable user of energy, accounting for about 50 percent of the Swedish industrial energy use and 2 percent of the EU-25 industrial energy use. Its high energy use makes this industry particularly important in terms of energy efficiency. Previous research has emphasised the need for companies’ to have well functioning energy management practices in order to increase energy efficiency. This paper describes and analyses energy management practices in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was sent out to the person in charge of the energy issue at all Swedish mills and 40 replies were received, a response frequency of 68 percent. The results show that the energy issue has been given increasingly higher priority over the past 10 years. However, in spite of this, overall results from the questionnaire show that there is still potential for improving energy management in the studied industry. More than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy, and less than half of the studied mills have an energy strategy covering at least five years. These results indicate that the implementation of a long-term energy strategy in this energy intensive industry, in combination with other means, could be of utmost importance for increasing energy efficiency. In conclusion, based on the research results presented in this paper, a different energy policy design for the industry seems to be needed, which could be very fruitful if it focuses on establishing more efficient energy management practices and includes all energy carriers. Moreove, the fact that more than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy and the fact that the Swedish EMS standard does not require such a strategy to be formulated indicates the need for further studies regarding a plausible inclusion of a long-term energy strategy in the EMS standard.
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| 35. |
- Törndahl, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Epitaxy of copper on α-Al2O3(0 0 1) by atomic layer deposition
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0248. ; 276, s. 102-110
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A combined X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) study have been carried out on copper films grown by atomic layer deposition at 400 °C. The copper films have been grown on single crystalline (0 0 1) oriented α-Al2O3 up to a thickness of 500 nm. The films were relaxed and the diffraction peak broadening in 2θ was mainly dependent on the copper grain size. Broadening of the diffraction peaks in ω was found to be related to defects (mosaicity and intrinsic microstrain). The deposited films were epitaxial and grew with the (1 1 1) plane in parallel to the substrate surface. Extensive twinning in the copper grains in different Cu1 1 1 directions occurred according to the TEM study, both in directions perpendicular to the substrate surface ([1 1 1] and ) and along other 1 1 1 directions as well. As an effect of a twin, an extra Cu(5 1 1) orientation was present in the XRD data.
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| 36. |
- Törndahl, Tobias, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Growth of Copper(I) Nitride by ALD Using Copper(II) Hexafluoroacetylacetonate, Water and Ammonia as Precursors
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 153:3, s. C146-C151
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Films of copper(I) nitride were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, water, and ammonia as precursors. Introduction of a water pulse in the ALD cycle was found to be crucial for initiating film growth on both amorphous SiO2 and single-crystalline α-Al2O3(001) substrates. The water pulses generated an oxidic copper monolayer, which in a subsequent ammonia pulse was converted to the nitride. The films have been grown in the temperature range from 210to302°C . Phase pure films of Cu3N were obtained up to 265°C . At higher deposition temperatures such as 283°C , phase mixtures of Cu3N and Cu were obtained. For temperatures above 302°C films of only Cu were grown. Film growth rate was the same on the two different substrates. The films were randomly oriented on SiO2 . Completely intact films were obtained at a thickness of 20nm . The optical bandgap of the films was measured to be 1.6eV .
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Wang, Wei, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluations of a 4G Uplink System Based on Adaptive Single-Carrier TDMA
- 2005
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Ingår i: Proceedings IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Fall, Dallas, Texas, USA. - 1550-2252. - 0780391527 ; 3, s. 1667-1671
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2005 IEEE. Recent research has shown that a single-carrier system with frequency domain equalization can be a potential alternative to an OFDM-based system in a single user case. In this paper we propose and evaluate an adaptive single-carrier TDMA uplink with scheduling for broadband cellular packet data systems. Frequency division duplex (FDD) is assumed. Multiuser channel estimation and channel prediction are considered. The adaptive modulation scheme is optimized to maximize the throughput including also the ARQ part of the transmission. Frequency domain equalization is employed to combat the inter-symbol-interference (ISI). With the proposed design, the simulation results show that the multiuser diversity gain in spectral efficiency is limited in a wideband system, which indicates that an OFDM based system might be a more favorable candidate.
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| 39. |
- Westin, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Alkoxide route to La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 epitaxial thin films on SrTiO3
- 2008
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 516:15, s. 4673-4678
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An all alkoxide based sol–gel route was investigated for preparation of epitaxial La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO) films on 100 SrTiO3 (STO) substrates. Films with 20–30 to 80–100 nm thickness were prepared by spin-coating 0.2–0.6 M (metal) solutions on the STO substrates and heat treatment to 800 °C at 2 °C min− 1, 30 min, in air. The films were epitaxial with a cube-on-cube alignment and the LSCO cell was strained to match the STO substrate of 3.905 Å closely; a and b = 3.894 Å and 3.897 Å for the 20–30 and 80–100 nm films, respectively. The c-axis was compressed to 3.789 Å and 3.782 Å for the 20–30 and 80–100 nm films, respectively, which resulted in an almost unchanged cell volume as compared to polycrystalline film and nano-phase powders prepared in the same way. The SEM study showed mainly very smooth, featureless surfaces, but also some defects. A film prepared in the same way on an -Al2O3 substrate was dense and polycrystalline with crystallite sizes in the range 10–50 nm and gave cubic cell dimensions of ac = 3.825 Å. The conductivity of the ca 30–40 nm thick polycrystalline film was 1.7 mΩcm, while the epitaxial 80–100 nm film had a conductivity of around 1.9 mΩcm.
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| 40. |
- Westin, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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All alkoxide route to manganate and coboltate perovskite films and powders : effects of processing parameters
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. - : Springer. - 0928-0707 .- 1573-4846. ; 48:1-2, s. 194-202
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manganate and cobaltate perovskites having the general formula ABO3 have many technologically important applications. Here we present all alkoxide based routes to manganate and coboltate perovskite films and nano-phase powders of the compositions; LCMO (La0.67Ca0.33MnO3), LSMO (La0.75Sr0.25MnO3), LNCMO (La0.33Nd0.33Ca0.33MnO3), LBSMO (La0.75Ba0.125Sr0.125MnO3) and LSCO (La0.50Sr0.50CoO3). The Mn and Co (oxo) methoxy-ethoxide precursors were prepared by reaction of MnCl2 or CoCl2 with 2 Kmoe in methoxy-ethanol-toluene. After hydrolysis of the alkoxide solutions by atmospheric air all systems produced X-ray and electron diffraction amorphous gels of high elemental homogeneity, and the IR spectra showed that they consisted of hydrated oxo-carbonates. Heating in air resulted in similar weight-loss curves for all studied gels passing; loss of H2O in the range 20–300 °C, decomposition of carbonate groups into oxide and CO2 in the temperature range 300–700 °C, and in some cases loss of a small amount of oxygen in the temperature range 700–1,000 °C. The pure perovskites were obtained at 690–770 °C with heat rates of typically 5–20 °C min−1 without annealing. Perovskites could also be obtained at 550 °C by annealing, but these perovskites are prone to be A-site ion inhomogeneous according to the TEM EDS studies, which was not the case for the perovskites heat-treated to at least the carbonate decomposition temperature. This A-site inhomogeneity is ascribed to sequential decomposition of carbonates due to their different thermal stabilities, which is probably a general feature also with other sol–gel precursors and low temperature annealing. High quality polycrystalline films were prepared on Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt substrates with all compositions and high quality epitaxial films were prepared of LCMO (on 100 LaAlO3) and LSCO (on 100 SrTiO3). The colossal magneto resistance (CMR) of the epitaxial LCMO films of 32% (246 K) is in parity with PLD derived films. The conductivities of the epitaxial and polycrystalline LSCO films were 1.9 mΩcm (on STO) and 1.7 mΩcm (on α-Al2O3, respectively).
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