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Träfflista för sökning "L773:0148 0227 srt2:(2000-2004)"

Sökning: L773:0148 0227 > (2000-2004)

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1.
  • Al-Wardy, W, et al. (författare)
  • Effective stress law for the permeability of clay-rich sandstones
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 109:4, s. 1-10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Two models of clay-rich sandstones are analyzed to explain the relative sensitivity ofpermeability to pore pressure and confining pressure. In one model the clay lines the entire pore wall in a layer of uniform thickness, and in the second model the clay is distributed in the form of particles that are only weakly coupled to the pore walls. Equations of elasticity and fluid flow are solved for both models, giving expressions for theeffective stress coefficients in terms of clay content and the elastic moduli of the rock andclay. Both models predict that the permeability will be much more sensitive to changes in pore pressure than to changes in confining pressure. The clay particle model gives somewhat better agreement with data from the literature and with new data on a Staintonsandstone having a solid volume fraction of 8% clay. 
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2.
  • Anderson, Leif G, 1951, et al. (författare)
  • Variability in river runoff distribution in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. - 0148-0227. ; 109:C1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The distribution of freshwater within the Arctic Ocean and its export from it are intimately involved in climate and climate change processes both within and outside the Arctic Ocean. River runoff in the Arctic Ocean constitutes a major part of the Arctic Ocean freshwater budget. Within the Arctic Ocean, variability in the distribution of river runoff will be reflected in the location of the cold halocline that isolates the sea ice from the warm Atlantic Layer. Outside the Arctic Ocean, such variability will impact on the salinity of North Atlantic waters (Great Salinity Anomaly) and on deep convection areas of the North Atlantic Ocean, and thereby potentially on global thermohaline circulation. Rivers entering the Arctic Ocean have high levels of total alkalinity that contribute significantly to the total alkalinity of the surface Polar Mixed Layer. We exploit total alkalinity data to trace river runoff in the surface Polar Mixed Layer and to observe variability in the river runoff distribution in the Eurasian Basin over the period 1987-2001. The river runoff front changed from a position over the Gakkel Ridge in 1987 and 1991 to over the Lomonosov Ridge in 1996, and returned to a midpoint between the two ridges in 2001. Wind field changes as characterized by the Arctic Oscillation index are considered to be a major factor in determining ice and surface water flow. We note a correlation with 4-6 years delay between changes in river runoff distribution and the Arctic Oscillation index. We show that the delay can be inferred from a geostrophic flow calculation.
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3.
  • Andersson, L, et al. (författare)
  • Electron signatures and Alfven waves
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 107:A9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • [1] We identify two distinct electron populations associated with Alfven waves in the Freja data set using the high time resolution state of the art electron detector. One of the populations, detected together with an Alfven wave, is field-aligned and can be seen as trapped within the wave. The other electron population is detected before the wave and consists of electrons which have left the wave at a point with a velocity higher than the local Alfven speed. In the paper, the electrons leaving wave are modeled for different density profiles and are compared with the observed data. Depending on the density profile, the model can produce the same energy-time and pitch angle-time dispersion that is observed in the Freja data. The conclusion of the paper is that the Alfven wave can explain the observed particle signatures. It is shown that the Alfven wave acceleration can create electron signatures similar to inverted-V structures. The density distribution along a flux tube has an important role in the type of particle signatures that can be detected at low altitudes.
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4.
  • Ayarza, P, et al. (författare)
  • Integrated geological and geophysical studies in the SG4 borehole area, Tagil Volcanic Arc, Middle Urals: Location of seismic reflectors and source of the reflectivity
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 105:B9, s. 21333-21352
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Near-vertical incidence reflection seismic data acquired in the Tagil Volcanic Arc (Middle Urals) show the upper crust to be highly reflective. Two intersecting seismic lines located near the ongoing ∼5400 m deep SG4 borehole show that the main reflectivity strikes approximately N-S and dips ∼35°–55° to the east. Prominent reflections intercept the borehole at ∼1000, ∼1500, 2800–2900, ∼3400, and between ∼4000 and 5400 m, which correspond to intervals of low velocity/low density/low resistivity. The surface projections of these reflections lie parallel to the strike of magnetic anomaly trends. Multioffset vertical seismic profile (VSP) data acquired in the SG4 borehole show a seismic response dominated by P to S reflected converted waves from the moderately east dipping reflectivity and from a set of very steep east dipping reflectors not imaged by the surface data. Modeling of the VSP data constrains the depth at which reflectors intercept the borehole and suggests that the P to S conversions are best explained by low-velocity porous intervals rather than higher-velocity mafic material. The most prominent east dipping reflection on the surface seismic data is only imaged on VSP shots that sample the crust closer to the E-W seismic line. This discrepancy between the VSP and the surface seismic data is attributed to rapid lateral changes in the physical properties of the reflector. Surface and borehole data suggest that the low-velocity/low-density/low-resistivity intervals are the most important source of reflectivity in the SG4 borehole area, although lithological contrasts may also play a role. Drill cores from the these zones contain hydrothermal alteration minerals indicating interaction with fluids. Tectonic criteria suggest that they might represent imbricated fracture zones often bounding different lithologies and/or intrusions. Some of them might also represent high-porosity lava flows or pyroclastic units, common in island arc environments.
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5.
  • Bolzan, JF, et al. (författare)
  • Reconstruction of the undiffused seasonal oxygen isotope signal in central Greenland ice cores
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS. - 0148-0227. ; 105:C9, s. 22095-22106
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The climatologically important seasonal signal in ice core oxygen isotope records is altered by diffusion with time. Here we use the diffusion model of Whillans and Grootes [1985] to calculate the effects of isotopic diffusion in nine shallow ice cores recovered over a 150 x 150 km grid centered on Summit, Greenland. Two different computational methods give similar results for the back-diffused delta(18)O seasonal extrema. Although back diffusing the ice core delta(18)O records improves the correlations between the individual ice core oxygen isotope and Greenland coastal temperature records; the correlations remain poor, particularly for the low-accumulation sites. Stacking the back-diffused isotopic records from several cores results in much higher correlations, with a strong winter linkage between west coast stations and central Greenland. These correlations are also significantly greater than the correlations between the stacked measured (diffused) isotopic profiles and coastal temperatures. Our results indicate that the use of ice core isotopic records to identify anomalous seasons requires that diffusion effects be accounted for.
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6.
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7.
  • Buehler, Stefan, et al. (författare)
  • Comparison of microwave satellite humidity data and radiosonde profiles : a case study
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 109:13, s. S13103-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article documents a case study comparing radiosonde humidity data to Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) satellite humidity data. The study had two goals: first, to develop a robust method for such a comparison, and second, to check the quality and mutual consistency of radiosonde data, radiative transfer model, and AMSU data. The radiosonde data used are Vaisala RS80 data from the station Lindenberg of the German Weather Service (DWD), which have been subject to several corrections compared to the standard data processing. The radiative transfer model is the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator ( ARTS), and the AMSU data are those of the satellites NOAA 15 and 16 for the time periods 2001 and 2002. The comparison was done in radiance space, using a radiative transfer model to simulate AMSU radiances from the radiosonde data. The overall agreement is very good, with radiance biases below 1.5 K and standard deviations below 2 K. The main source of "noise'' in the comparison is atmospheric inhomogeneity on the 10-km scale. While the radiosonde correction performed at Lindenberg significantly reduces the bias between simulated and measured AMSU radiance, there still remains a slope in the radiance difference. Possible reasons for this were investigated. Most likely, the radiosondes underestimate the relative humidity under extremely dry conditions, showing 0 % RH when the true value is 2 - 4 % RH.
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8.
  • Carozzi, TD, et al. (författare)
  • Full polarimetry measurements of stimulated electromagnetic emissions: First results
  • 2001
  • Ingår i: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 0148-0227. ; 106:A10, s. 21395-21407
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A theory and technique for the measurement of the full state of polarization (SOP) for wideband electromagnetic HF emissions from the ionosphere are introduced. The technique was employed in a recent experiment at the Sura ionospheric HF pumping facility
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9.
  • Cumnock, J. A., et al. (författare)
  • Interplanetary magnetic field control of theta aurora development
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 107:A7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • [1] We ascertain the influence of the B-y component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on theta aurora evolution. During most cases where a transpolar arc is observed to move across the polar region, and form a theta aurora, there are brief (minutes) southward excursions of IMF B-z, however northward IMF is required prior to theta aurora formation. Observations show that theta aurora can form during strictly northward IMF with its motion consistent with a change in sign of IMF B-y. It is important to note that since transpolar arcs can persist for 20-30 min after the IMF turns southward, errors will occur in assigning instantaneous IMF conditions to snapshots'' of particular auroral patterns. We consider the entire evolution of the theta aurora and the changing IMF conditions. The influence of IMF B-y is best illustrated by examples which occur during steady northward IMF as compared to times when the IMF is northward on average. We show examples, provided by the Polar UV imager, when the IMF is steady northward. For one case, DMSP F13 and F14 provide in situ measurements of precipitating particles, ionospheric plasma flows and ion density. This unique data set enables us to analyze in detail the evolution of a theta aurora, in one case crossing the entire polar region. No sign change in B-z is needed for theta aurora formation.
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10.
  • Dieckmann, Mark E, 1969-, et al. (författare)
  • Particle-in-cell simulations of electron acceleration by a simple capacitative antenna in collisionless plasma
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 109:A12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We examine the electron acceleration by a localized electrostatic potential oscillating at high frequencies by means of particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, in which we apply oscillating electric fields to two neighboring simulation cells. We derive an analytic model for the direct electron heating by the externally driven antenna electric field, and we confirm that it approximates well the electron heating obtained in the simulations. In the simulations, transient waves accelerate electrons in a sheath surrounding the antenna. This increases the Larmor radii of the electrons close to the antenna, and more electrons can reach the antenna location to interact with the externally driven fields. The resulting hot electron sheath is dense enough to support strong waves that produce high-energy sounder-accelerated electrons (SAEs) by their nonlinear interaction with the ambient electrons. By increasing the emission amplitudes in our simulations to values that are representative for the ones of the sounder on board the OEDIPUS C (OC) satellites, we obtain electron acceleration into the energy range which is comparable to the 20 keV energies of the SAE observed by the OC mission. The emission also triggers stable electrostatic waves oscillating at frequencies close to the first harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. We find this to be an encouraging first step of examining SAE generation with kinetic numerical simulation codes.
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