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Sökning: WFRF:(Kander Astrid)

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51.
  • Kander, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • Energy intensity : the roles of rebound, capital stocks, and trade
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: A Research Agenda for Environmental Economics. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781789900040 - 9781789900057 ; , s. 122-142
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • According to conventional wisdom, improving energy efficiency is an easy way to mitigate climate change and improve energy security, though the reduction in energy intensity in developed economies is largely due to offshoring energy-intensive production to developing countries. This chapter presents a contrarian view. Theory, historical evidence, and time series analysis suggest that the economy-wide rebound effect is large. Energy efficiency improvements may actually result in no net energy savings, an outcome known as backfire or Jevons’ paradox. Despite this, energy intensity declined over the last two centuries in the US and some other developed economies. So, there is an open question of what has driven this decline in energy intensity. As it is machines, appliances, and structures that actually use energy, the relationship between capital and energy is crucial to understanding how energy intensity evolves. Strong inertia permeates energy systems that have well-established infrastructures on both the supply and demand sides, making it difficult to change course. This inertia seems to be proportional to the scale of the energy system undergoing transition. Future research should investigate how capital stocks affect the pace of change. International trade is another factor affecting energy intensity. When technology differences are accounted for, offshoring of energy use through trade specialization is not as important as commonly believed, and cannot explain much of the decline in energy intensity in developed economies. Recently, however, the export portfolios of some developed countries, with a strong historical record of energy intensive exports, have become less energy intensive, while their imports have become more so. This trend towards outsourcing also calls for more research.
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52.
  • Kander, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • Foreign trade and declining pollution in Sweden: a decomposition analysis of long-term structural and technological effects
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 34:13, s. 1590-1599
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article examines whether there exists any causal relationship between foreign trade and declining pollution in developed countries. In other words, do developed countries outsource their problems to less developed countries rather than solve them? The case study is the Swedish economy and the two environmental indicators employed are energy consumption and CO2 emissions. No causal relationships are found, since Sweden has long been a net exporter of embodied energy and CO2 and continues to be so after 1970, when energy consumption stabilizes and CO, emissions decline. In addition, the ratios of net exported energy and CO2 to total consumption remain stable, which means there were no effects on the energy intensity or CO, intensity either. These results suggest that internal forces, like efficiency improvements, changed consumption patterns and transformation of the energy system, have been crucial for relative environmental improvement in Sweden, while foreign trade has played no role. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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53.
  • Kander, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • Hur mäta klimatnyttan av svensk export?
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Fossilfritt Sverige : En antologi om klimatomställningen i praktiken - En antologi om klimatomställningen i praktiken. - 9789187777936 ; , s. 13-24
  • Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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54.
  • Kander, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • In Defense of Electricity as a General Purpose Technology
  • 2007
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Electricity has been regarded as a typical example of a general purpose technology and important for the surge both in energy productivity and overall productivity in the American economy in the 1920s. This view was challenged by Nicholas and Moser (2004) based on patent statistics. We argue that other methods are required for studying productivity effects and propose cointegration analyses. We demonstrate a clear impact from electrification on energy productivity in those broad Swedish industrial branches that used electricity for multiple uses. This effect goes beyond mere book-keeping effects and indicates the existence of dynamic effects.
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55.
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56.
  • Kander, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • Innovation Trends and Industrial Renewal in Finland and Sweden 1970-2013
  • 2017
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • We examine trends in innovation output for two highly ranked innovative countries: Finland and Sweden (1970-2013). Our novel dataset, collected using the LBIO (literature-based innovation output) method, suggests that the innovation trends are positive for both countries, despite an extended downturn in the 1980s. The findings cast some doubt on the proposition that the current stagnation of many developed countries is due to a lack of innovation and investment opportunities. Our data show that Finland catches up to, and passes, Sweden in innovation output in the 1990s. In per capita terms, Finland stays ahead throughout the period. We find that the strong Finnish performance is largely driven by innovation increase in just a handfull of industries. Both countries saw a rise in innovation during the dot-com era and the structural changes that followed. Since 2000 however, Sweden has outperformed Finland in terms of total innovations, especially in machinery and ICT, while the Finnish rate of innovation has stabilized. We suggest that these patterns may be explained by different paths of industrial renewal.
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57.
  • Kander, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • Innovation trends and industrial renewal in Finland and Sweden 1970-2013
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1750-2837 .- 0358-5522.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We examine trends in innovation output for two highly ranked innovative countries: Finland and Sweden (1970-2013). Our novel dataset, collected using the LBIO (literature-based innovation output) method, suggests that the innovation trends are positive for both countries, despite an extended downturn in the 1980s. The findings cast some doubt on the proposition that the current stagnation of many developed countries is due to a lack of innovation and investment opportunities. Our data show that Finland catches up to, and passes, Sweden in innovation output in the 1990s. In per capita terms, Finland stays ahead throughout the period. We find that the strong Finnish performance is largely driven by innovation increase in just a handfull of sectors, but is not restricted to few companies. Both countries saw a rise in innovation during the dot-com era and the structural changes that followed. Since 2000 however, Sweden has outperformed Finland in terms of total innovations, especially in machinery and ICT, while the Finnish rate of innovation has stabilized. We suggest that these patterns may be explained by different paths of industrial renewal.
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58.
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59.
  • Kander, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • International Trade and Energy Intensity during European Industrialization, 1870-1935
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 139, s. 33-44
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Previous research suggests that there is an inverted U-shape curve for energy intensity in the long-run for Western Europewith a peak in the early 20th century. This paper tests the hypothesis that the increase of German and British energy intensity was an effect from the concentration of heavy industrial production to these countries, although the consumption of a significant share of these goods took place elsewhere. We use an entirely new database that we have constructed (TEG: Trade, Energy, Growth) to test whether these countries exported more energy-demanding goods than they imported, thus providing other countries with means to industrialize and to consume cheap-energy demanding goods. We find that the U-shape curve is greatly diminished but does not disappear. The pronounced inverted U-curve in German energy intensity without trade adjustments is reduced when we account for energy embodied in the traded commodities. For Britain the shape of the curve is also flattened during the second half of the 19th century, before falling from WWI onwards. These consumption-based accounts are strongly influenced by the trade in metal goods and fuels, facilitating industrialization elsewhere.
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60.
  • Kander, Astrid (författare)
  • Is it simply getting worse? Agriculture and Swedish greenhouse gas emissions over 200 years
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 61:4, s. 773-797
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper challenges the idea that emissions of greenhouse gases simply increase over time with income. It adopts a 200-year perspective and includes the important flows of greenhouse gases related to agriculture, not just the CO2 from fossil fuels. The result is that the pattern of Swedish total greenhouse gas emissions over time resembles an N. In contrast, when only emissions from fossil fuels are counted, the pattern over time resembles an inverted U. Among the most important factors generating emissions in agriculture, forest management was especially important, but in addition, draining of wetlands for agriculture played a substantial role.
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