| 1. |
- Backéus, Ingvar
(författare)
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Kartläggningen av nationallandskapet
- 2004
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 98:3-4, s. 207-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The late 19th and early 20th century was a time of intensive geological surveys, carried out in an atmosphere of national romanticism. This period has been described in a recent book by science historian Christer Nordlund, which is here presented and commentd on. Of special interest in Sweden was the issue of posglacial land upheaval and its consequencies for the development of the Baltic Sea. Special emphasis in the book is put on the importance of the geological results for plant geography and archaeology. The two botanists Gunnar Andersson and Rutger Sernander were active in this borderland between botany and geology. As scientists they represented very different mentalities and they soon became enemies. Andersson remained sceptical of the postglacial climate scheme developed by Blytt and Sernander, which he considered founded on too few data. A major scientific schism developed which culminated at the International Geological Congress in Stockholm in 1910. Nordlund is probably right in his view that the interdisciplinary work in the late 19th century relating to historical plant geography and geological development had an impoartant impact on early ecology and its formation as a science.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, P, et al.
(författare)
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The lichen flora of Stora Karlsö and Lilla Karlsö
- 2000
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 94:4, s. 205-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 1993-1998 the lichen flora of Stora Karlso and Lilla Karlso was surveyed. These two nearby islands are situated outside the west coast of Gotland, Sweden, in the Baltic Sea. In all, 355 species were found, including three lichenicolous fungi. Two species are new to Sweden, viz. Lepraria flavescens and Placynthium lismorense. Both were found on limestone. The number of species according to habitat was: limestone 105, gravel alvar 84, grass alvar 17, siliceous rocks 88, sea-shore rocks 20, bark (mostly deciduous trees) 121 and wood 52. During the last hundred years the management and thereby plant succession have differed between the islands. Sheep has continuously grazed Lilla Karlso, while the sheep were removed in 1887 from Stora Karlso. Floristic differences of the lichen flora between the islands are discussed from this aspect. The succession of deciduous forest on Stora Karlso is important for the species composition of the epiphyte flora. Some phytogeographical aspects are also discussed. Several common lichen species in southern Sweden are rare or not found on Stora Karlso and Lilla Karlso, e.g. the sorediate species Buellia griseovirens, Pertusaria amara and Phlyctis argena. In contrast, the otherwise rare calcicolous Gyalecta subclausa is common on the islands. With the aim of studying the lichen flora of gravel alvar in detail, this habitat was surveyed in sample-plots. The overall species richness of the gravel alvar is higher on Stora Karlso, mainly due to the larger area of this habitat. The mean species richness in the sample-plots is however similar on both islands, with on average 15 species/dm2. The most species-rich dm2 sample-plot with 23 species was encountered on Stora Karlso. The species composition of the gravel alvar differs between the islands; e.g. on Stora Karlso Collema tenax, Fulgensia fulgens, Psora decipiens and Squamarina cartilaginea are more abundant. This may be caused by different management regimes. However, it is hard to distinguish the effects of differences in habitat area, habitat quality and sheep grazing. The most obvious effect of grazing on the terricolous lichens is the change of growth form of the Cladonia species. This was seen both by a comparison of the lichen individuals of the two islands and by following the macrolichens in an area where sheep were re-introduced on Stora Karlso in 1995. Cladonia arbuscula, C. portentosa and C. rangiferina grow in dense cushions in areas without sheep, while they grow scattered in areas with sheep. This is probably caused by the mechanical action of sheep trampling.
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| 3. |
- Nilsson, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity at Linnaeus' birthplace in Stenbrohult, southern Sweden. 2. Red-listed plants and fungi.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 97, s. 74-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the red-listed plants and fungi that have been found in the central parts of the parish of Stenbrohult, southern Sweden. In the middle of the study areas Carl Linnaeus was born in 1707, and he spent his summers there until 1727. Of the 11 currently red-listed vascular plants (Gärdenfors 2000) that have been recorded since 1970 all occurred there also 300 years ago. Mosses, lichens and fungi have mainly been investigated during the last 15 years, but mosses still only in a small part of the study area. Three species of mosses, 51 of fungi and 26 of lichens that are red-listed in Sweden has been found in the area since 1970. These high numbers of red-listed lichens and fungi are surprising because the region has been assumed to be among the most species poor with respect to red-listed species in southern Sweden. The reasons for the high biodiversity in Stenbrohult are 1) comparatively many very old trees of southern deciduous trees (mainly oak, beech and lime), 2) several remnants of southern deciduous forests with long-term tree continuity, 3) several unfertilised pastures and meadows with late harvest still maintained by grazing and mowing, 4) some pasts with more calcium rich soils than in the surrounding region and 5) a large unpolluted lake (Möckeln) with a natural water regime included in the area. Threats to the long-term survival of the red-listed species are discussed. At least the following red-listed vascular plants have disappeared from the study area during the last 150 years: Tephroseris palustris, Crassula aquatica, Bromus secalinus, Bromus arvensis, Sherardia arvensis, Anthemis cotula, Agrostemma githago and possibly Radiola linoides and Lycopodiella inundata. The lichen Lobaria scrobiculata was collected at two sites in 1935 and 1942, Collema fasciculare before 1767 and Ramalina thrausta in 1935, but these red-listed lichen species are now locally extinct. The need for rapid habitat restoration to lower the “extinction debt” is stressed. This is especially urgent for features that have declined most since Linnaeus´s time, e.g. old oaks, unfertilised pastures and meadows with late mowing followed by grazing.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity at Linnaeus' birthplace in Stenbrohult, southern Sweden. 4. The vascular plant flora and its changes.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 98:2, s. 65-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the history of floristic studies of the parish of Stenbrohult, southern Sweden, where Carl Linnaeus was born in 1707 and spent his summers until 1728. Unfortunately, Carl Linnaeus never made a list of the wild vascular plants at his birthplace, although he mentioned at least 64 species from the parish of Stenbrohult in various manuscripts and books. However, he said that Stenbrohult was “a queen among the sisters” and had “rare and peculiar herbs, which at other places in Sweden are rarely or never seen” (translated from Linnaeus 1729). Many botanists have later visited Stenbrohult, but few have made any serious studies of the flora. Nils J. Scheutz (1854, 1864, 1871) added 57 less common species to the known flora of Stenbrohult and Fredrik Hård av Segerstad (1924) added 26 species. The first systematic study was made by Nils Johnsson, a medical practioner, mainly in 1922–32. He published some data in 1929, but a species list with a frequency scale was also deposited at Uppsala together with lots of collected specimens. Much of this material have been examined by Thomas Karlsson, The Swedish Museum of National History. The next systematic study was made by the present authors, mainly in 1970–74 but with some later additional data. The project “Smålands Flora” have also later contributed material, especially from many older collections in museums. Our study was more thorough than previous ones, which make detailed comparisons to examine changes of the flora difficult. We divided the parish into 124 squares, each of them 1 ´ 1 km (UTM-grid), and almost all of them were searched during several hours at 2–3 visits spread over 15 May–September. For common species only presence were noted, and the number of squares where a species were found in 1970–79 is in the species list above noted directly after the species name. For each species we also add if we consider it likely (L) or possible (L?) that the species was established in Stenbrohult in 1728, when Linnaeus left the parish (cultivated species excluded, but escapes from cultivation included). We call such species linnaean species and estimate that there were about 600 such species in 1728. This estimate includes disappeared species that have never been reported and a few still undiscovered species, possibly at most 35 species. Among the vascular plant species/subsp. known from Stenbrohult about 78 are now considered locally extinct and 48 of these were probably present in 1728 (Table 1). This value of 8% disappeared linnaean species is too low, and we think that more than 10% is a more realistic figure, since some species disappeared before being recorded. Most of the known disappeared species occurred in managed meadows, pastures and cultivated fields (Table 3). During the last 150 years more than 99% of the meadows in Stenbrohult, cut for hay in July or later, have been abandoned and mainly converted to cultivated fields, pastures and forests. Ceased traditional management of meadows, dense spruce Picea abies plantations, artificial fertilisation of pastures and drainage of numerous small wetlands have been especially destructive to the flora. Many species are at present on the verge of extinction or decreasing (Table 2) and we suggest measures that may save some of them. The most important measure is to expand the area of hay meadows cut after the middle of July, preferably also with grazing by cattle and horses after harvest. These animals are now mainly grazing former fields with a relatively species poor flora due to previous cultivation and fertilization. Grazing of shores of lakes and streams were formerly ubiquitous but are now rare which have effected the flora and caused some extinctions. However, the large Lake Möckeln is only a little polluted and still unregulated, which is positive for many species. Bogs continue to be exploited for peat up to the present time, with mainly negative effects on the flora. The species that have probably decreased and increased in Stenbrohult during the last 100 years are presented in Table 2, and the habitat distribution of the linnean species in Table 3. During the last 250 years at least 221 species have immigrated to Stenbrohult, mostly still generally expanding species in southern Sweden, and often spread by man. However, at least 30 of these new species are now considered disappeared (Table 1). Some introduced dominating species, e.g. Holcus mollis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Lupinus polyphyllus and Spiraea species, have a negative influence on smaller species. Nitrogen coming with the precipitation add to their effects. The extinction rate of linnaean species have accelerated over the years in Stenbrohult and since our study mainly was made about 30 years ago, we consider the time ripe for a new study. If it is made with our method a much better estimate of changes of the flora can be made than at present. We have also noted the precise location and sometimes the habitat and number of flowering individuals of less common species, which will facilitate determination of the causes of population changes in the future. The flora and fauna of Stenbrohult is still very rich, e.g. with about 200 red-listed species recorded in recent times among the organism groups studied until now (Nilsson 2002, unpubl.). We consider the preservation of the linnaean species as a true tribute to the work of Carl Linnaeus, but to do this several urgent measures must be done. We suggest some of them in this flora, including habitat restoration and management.
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| 5. |
- Nordin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Lavar med svenska namn – tredje upplagan
- 2004
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 98:6, s. 339–364-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish names of 1302 lichens within 255 genera are presented. about a third of them are new. The list is to be regarded as the official list of Swedish names of lichens.
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| 6. |
- Ström, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Species composition in northern wetlands may influence greenhouse gas fluxes
- 2004
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 98:6, s. 313-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Global temperature has increased 0.6 degrees C over the last century due to a continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Although the largest sources of greenhouse gases are anthropogenic, wetlands account for 25% of the total emission of the important greenhouse gas methane (CH4) making them the single largest natural source (75%) of this gas to the atmosphere. Through studies in southern and northern Sweden and in Greenland, we have shown that wetland plants have species-specific effects on the amount of methane that is emitted to the atmosphere. Our results point toward a direct and very important link between plant species diversity and the functioning of wetland ecosystems, and indicate that changes in species composition may alter important processes relating to controls on and interactions between greenhouse gas fluxes. This will have significant implications for feedback mechanisms in a changing climate.
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| 7. |
- Sunhede, Stellan, et al.
(författare)
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Hotade tickor på ek i Litauen
- 2003
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Ingår i: Svensk botanisk tidskrift. - : Svenska botaniska föreningen. - 0039-646X. ; 97:5, s. 252-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rare and endangered species of Aphyllophorales have been studied on Quercus robur in Lithuania. In total, 5455 trees and 742 stumps of oaks have been investigated in pure oak stands, mixed deciduous woods, mixed coniferous–deciduous woods, parks, and in open landscapes. Fungi in the herbarium BILAS (Vilnius) were examined.The ecology, distribution, and status of the following polypores are treated, viz Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.: Fr.) With., Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr) S.F.Gray, Hapalopilus croceus (Pers.: Fr.) Bond. & Sing, Inocutis dryophila (Berk) Fiasson & Niemelä, Inonotus dryadeus (Pers.: Fr.) Murr., Piptoporus quercinus (Fr.) Pilát, and Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) ex Fr. Each species is briefly described and localities are listed in detail. All species, except F. hepatica and P. quercinus, are included in the Lithuanian Red List of fungi. We suggest these two species should be added to the list, and classified according to the IUCN categories Near Threatened (NT) and Endangered (EN), respectively.The importance of saving the right type of substrate and habitat for the actual species is stressed. Thick dead, standing or fallen trees, and old stumps should not be removed, as F. hepatica, G. frondosa, H. croceus, and P. quercinus may continue to fructify for many years on this type of wood. Suppression of old host trees, formerly growing in a more open environment, is a problem at many sites. A proper clearing around these oaks is necessary to keep the oaks alive as long as possible. The necessity of favouring younger oaks of different age classes in the stands is pointed out, as a continuous supply of thick host trees is needed to preserve the fungi.Hapalopilus croceus, one of Europe’s most endangered fungi, fructifies on old thick oaks, a substrate that becomes more and more rare. All Lithuanian host trees of H. croceus are proposed to be preserved (even when dead) together with a sufficient number of oaks in the surroundings. In Sweden, which is still one of the strongholds of H. croceus in Europe, the species is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) and since 2000 also protected.The following two oak sites in Lithuania are highly recommended to be preserved, more closely investigated, and managed for the future: Punios Šilas (squares 31, 32 & 38), Alytus district. In this very valuable locality, where many old and thick oaks are suppressed by surrounding younger trees, we found H. croceus (on 11 oaks), I. dryophila, F. hepatica, P. quercinus, and the red-listed beetle Osmoderma eremita (Scop.). “Kauno Ažuolynas” in Kaunas is a unique park with more than 800 mostly old, thick oaks, mixed with, e.g., Tilia. Here we observed F. hepatica, G. frondosa (on 11 oaks), H. croceus (on 8 oaks), and I. dryophila.
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| 8. |
- Tyler, Torbjörn
(författare)
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Distribution maps for south Swedish microspecies of Hieracium II. H. sect. Vulgata and H. sect. Oreodea
- 2002
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 96:3-4, s. 161-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The distribution of 50 species in the south Swedish provinces of Skane (Scania). Halland, Blekinge, Oland and Smaland has been mapped. Many of the species are endemic to southern Scandinavia and some are local endemics within the investigated area. However, there are also several species with a wider North European distribution. Within the area, the number of species shows a regular decline from the northeasternmost parts.
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| 9. |
- Tyler, Torbjörn
(författare)
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The genus Pilosella in the Nordic countries
- 2001
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 95:1, s. 39-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An unprejudiced revision of the genus Pilosella (Asteraceae) in the Nordic countries has been attempted. A completely new system for the taxonomy of these mostly facultative apomicts is presented. It is argued that all existing systems are inappropriate in the light of the complicated, and largely unknown, reproductive biology of these taxa. Previous systems have either treated these taxa as obligate apomicts or as ordinary sexual species and in both cases serious conflicts with the nature of the plants have arisen. It is also evident that the existing systems are either too complex or too simplified to be useful in floristic investigations. In the proposed system, the rank of species is employed for groups of forms which are morphologically readily distinguishable in terms of multiple characters and whose intermediates are rare and seemingly unfit in nature. The number and frequency of hybrids is thus reduced to a minimum. The rank of subspecies is employed for groups of forms which are separated by several distinctive morphological characters, but whose intermediates are relatively common in nature. The rank of variety is employed for forms which show only one distinctive morphological character, but have a distinctive ecology and/or distribution. Eight species and a total of 18 infra-specific taxa are recognised and described. Additionally, 14 intraspecific hybrids are briefly described. 13 new combinations are made; Pilosella officinarum ssp. peleteriana (Merat), P. aurantiaca var. blyttiana (Fr.), P. aurantiaca ssp. decolorans (Fr.), P. aurantiaca var. decolorans (Fr.), P. aurantiaca var. pseudoblyttii (Norrl.), P. aurantiaca ssp. dimorpha (Norrl. ex Nageli and Peter), P. cymosa var. pubescens (Lindbl.), P. cymosa ssp. gottlandica (Fr.), P. cymosa var. gottlandica (Fr.), P. cymosa var. parviflora (Fr.), P. cymosa ssp. praealta (Vill. ex Gochnat), P. cymosa var. praealta (Vill. ex Gochnat) and P. cymosa var. bauhinii (Besser).
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| 10. |
- Tyler, Torbjörn
(författare)
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Utbredningskartor for hökfibblor i södra Götaland. I. Skogsfibblor
- 2002
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Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 96:1, s. 18-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The distribution of 47 species in the south Swedish provinces of Skane (Scania), Halland, Blekinge, Oland and Smaland has been mapped. Most of these species are endemic to central Fennoscandia and many reach their southern distribution limits in the investigated area. However, there are also some local endemics as well as some species with a wider north European distribution. Within the area, the number of species shows a regular decline from the north-easternmost parts. Most of these species are considered to have evolved in situ since the last glaciation. Their present-day more or less delimited distributions may be caused by limited dispersal ability, recent origin, or a combination of both.
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