| 41. |
- Brenning, Nils
(författare)
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Interaction between a dust cloud and a magnetized plasma in relative motion
- 2001
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0093-3813 .- 1939-9375. ; 29:2, s. 302-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interaction between a dust cloud and a magnetized plasma is investigated by use of an idealized model where the dust particles have uniform size, a uniform density within the dust cloud, and start with the same velocity across the magnetic field in the plasma's rest frame. The interaction is found to be governed by a dimensionless parameter K which is a function of dust cloud, and ambient plasma, parameters. For K much smaller than unity, the interaction goes on for typically 1/(2 piK) gyro times, with the particles in the dust cloud performing gyro motions with decreasing radius, For K close to unity, the dust motion is stopped on the order of a dust particle gyro time, For the case K much greater than 1, the plasma in the flux tube through the dust cloud is dragged across the magnetic field over a distance of the order of Kr-d, where r(d) is the dust gyro radius, before the motion is stopped. Some expected effects for a more realistic dust cloud with density gradients, and containing dust with a spread in size, are discussed. The results have bearing on dusty plasma in space, e.g., models of the formation of spokes in Saturn's ring system.
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| 42. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Interpretation of the Electric Fields Measured in an Ionospheric Critical Ionization Velocity Experiment
- 1991
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 96, s. 9719-9733
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with the quasi-dc electric fields measured in the CRIT I ionospheric release experiment, which was launched from Wallops Island on May 13, 1986. The purpose of the experiment was to study the critical ionization velocity (CIV) mechanism in the ionosphere. Two identical barium shaped charges were fired from distances of 1.99 km and 4.34 km towards a main payload, which made full three-dimensional measurements of the electric field inside the streams. There was also a subpayload separated from the main payload by a couple of kilometers along the magnetic field. The relevance of earlier proposed mechanisms for electron heating in CIV is investigated in the light of the CRIT I results. It is concluded that both the “homogeneous” and the “ionizing front” models probably apply, but in different parts of the stream. It is also possible that electrons are directly accelerated by a magnetic-field-aligned component of the electric field; the quasi-dc electric field observed within the streams had a large magnetic-field-aligned component, persisting on the time scale of the passage of the streams. The coupling between the ambient ionosphere and the ionized barium stream in CRIT I was more complicated than is usually assumed in CIV theories, with strong magnetic-field-aligned electric fields and probably current limitation as important processes. One interpretation of the quasi-dc electric field data is that the internal electric fields of the streams were not greatly modified by magnetic-field-aligned currents, i.e., a state was established where the transverse currents were to a first approximation divergence-free. It is argued that this interpretation can explain both a reversal of the strong explosion-directed electric field in burst 1 and the absence of such a reversal in burst 2.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of HiPIMS discharges : The selection of pulse power, pulse length, gas pressure, and magnetic field strength
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 38:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) operation, there are basically two goals: a high ionized flux fraction of the sputtered target material and a high deposition rate. In this work, it is demonstrated that the former always comes at the cost of the latter. This makes a choice necessary, referred to as the HiPIMS compromise. It is here proposed that this compromise is most easily made by varying the discharge current amplitude, which opens up for optimization of additionally four external process parameters: the pulse length, the working gas pressure, the magnetic field strength, and the degree of magnetic unbalance to achieve the optimum combination of the ionized flux fraction and the deposition rate. As a figure of merit, useful for comparing different discharges, ( 1 - beta t ) is identified, which is the fraction of ionized sputtered material that escapes back-attraction toward the cathode target. It is shown that a discharge with a higher value of ( 1 - beta t ) always can be arranged to give better combinations of ionization and deposition rate than a discharge with a lower ( 1 - beta t ). Maximization of ( 1 - beta t ) is carried out empirically, based on data from two discharges with Ti targets in Ar working gas. These discharges were first modeled in order to convert measured plasma parameters to values of ( 1 - beta t ). The combined effects of varying the different process parameters were then analyzed using a process flow chart model. The effect of varying the degree of unbalance in the studied range was small. For the remaining three parameters, it is found that optimum is achieved by minimizing the magnetic field strength, minimizing the working gas pressure, and minimizing the pulse length as far as compatible with the requirement to ignite and maintain a stable discharge.
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| 47. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Radiation from an electron beam in a magnetized plasma : Whistler mode wave packets
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 111:A11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental studies are reported of oscillations and radiation that is spontaneously excited by an electron beam which is shot along a diverging magnetic field into a plasma from a hot cathode. In the present study we focus on oscillations below the electron gyrofrequency, where we find that whistler mode radiation appears in the form of bursts, or wave packets, each with typically 0.1-1 mu s time duration, and which together cover typically a few percent of the full time. Wave packets are found in a broad frequency range of 7-40 MHz, while each individual wave packet is dominated by a single frequency. There is propagation along two routes: at the group velocity resonance cone angle, away from the central channel where the waves are excited, and in a channel along the magnetic field. Features of the whistler mode wave packets that are studied include (1) the statistics of amplitudes, frequencies, and time durations; (2) the propagation and decay of wave packets with different frequencies; (3) the group and phase velocities; and (4) how the wave packet production varies with the energy, and the current density, in the electron beam.
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| 48. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Radiation from an electron beam in magnetized plasma : excitation of a whistler mode wave packet by interacting, higher-frequency, electrostatic-wave eigenmodes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 59:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infrequent, bursty, electromagnetic, whistler-mode wave packets, excited spontaneously in the laboratory by an electron beam from a hot cathode, appear transiently, each with a time duration tau around similar to 1 mu s. The wave packets have a center frequency f(W) that is broadly distributed in the range 7 MHz < f(W) < 40 MHz. They are excited in a region with separate electrostatic (es) plasma oscillations at values of f(hf), 200 MHz < f(hf) < 500 MHz, that are hypothesized to match eigenmode frequencies of an axially localized hf es field in a well-defined region attached to the cathode. Features of these es-eigenmodes that are studied include: the mode competition at times of transitions from one dominating es-eigenmode to another, the amplitude and spectral distribution of simultaneously occurring es-eigenmodes that do not lead to a transition, and the correlation of these features with the excitation of whistler mode waves. It is concluded that transient coupling of es-eigenmode pairs at f(hf) such that vertical bar f(1, hf) - f(2, hf)vertical bar = f(W) < f(ge) can explain both the transient lifetime and the frequency spectra of the whistler-mode wave packets (f(W)) as observed in lab. The generalization of the results to bursty whistler-mode excitation in space from electron beams, created on the high potential side of double layers, is discussed.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Brenning, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Spokes and charged particle transport in HiPIMS magnetrons
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics D. - : IOP Publishing. - 0022-3727 .- 1361-6463. ; 46:8, s. 084005-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two separate scientific communities are shown to have studied one common phenomenon, azimuthally rotating dense plasma structures, also called spokes, in pulsed-power E x B discharges, starting from quite different approaches. The first body of work is motivated by fundamental plasma science and concerns a phenomenon called the critical ionization velocity, CIV, while the other body of work is motivated by the applied plasma science of high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). Here we make use of this situation by applying experimental observations, and theoretical analysis, from the CIV literature to HiPIMS discharges. For a practical example, we take data from observed spokes in HiPIMS discharges and focus on their role in charged particle transport, and in electron energization. We also touch upon the closely related questions of how they channel the cross-B discharge current, how they maintain their internal potential structure and how they influence the energy spectrum of the ions? New particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collisional simulations that shed light on the azimuthal drift and expansion of the spokes are also presented.
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