| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Carlsson, Lars
(author)
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Samhällets oregerlighet : organisering och policyproduktion i näringspolitiken
- 1993
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The welfare state and the multi-actor-society have co-developed. In such a society political authority is fragmented. The process of policy making is not merely a result of the primacy of formal political institutions, political decisions and coherent administrative procedures. The field of policy-making aimed at stimulating local economic development is one example of this phenomenon. Two questions can be raised.How is policy created within a complex domain of problems, demands and challenges, particularly within the field of policy-making for local economic development? Is it possible to develop a unitary theoretical concept in order to describe and understand the process of policy-making within this sphere of politics?The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of theory concerning policy-making in complex environments, and to lay a foundation for a discussion of the possibility of political steering and the govemability of society.The empirical material consists of three multiple case studies, all of which are unified by the same policy-problem. With the use of interviews based on a "snowball" technique, it was possible to dectect and describe collective units of actors. The processes of problem solving and organizing are described and analysed as processes of collective action. This image of policy-malting coincides with a methodological point of departure which does not presuppose any primacy of political agencies, nor create any confusion between state and society. The approach of methodological individualism is suitable for this aim. Accordingly, collectively acting individuals, not solely political agencies and decision makers, are regarded as the locus of policy-making. This conception of policy-making is also compatible with the existence of public policy, even without formal political decisions, agencies and programmes.It was found that, even with a high degree of comparability, there were notable differences in the process of organizing and its outcomes. It was also found that there were no clear-cut relations between political decisions and outcomes. This gives further support to the assumption of difficulties in identifying separate sequences of implementation in the policy-making process.The conclusion drawn was that, given comparable policy-problems, there are always "policygaps". This is due to the numerous possible combinations, and the empirical contents of determinants for collective action. It was argued that this phenomenon represents a present status of constructive ungovernability, i.e. processes of policy-making without any self-evident primacy of political agencies. Political authorities have the formal capacity to regulate, to create rules, as an extension of their political will. The process of government, however, is not equivalent to the creation of rules. Only to the extent that political authorities are significant for the creation of patterns of action, within a specific sphere of politics, can the process be labelled with the notion of political government The conclusion drawn was that political administrative steering systems are generally ill-fitted for this purpose, i.e. for the process of problem solving in a multi-actor-society. Finally, this conclusion retrieved the "Durkheimian" proposal of political governance, with its predominance of general principles.
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| 23. |
- Castro, Alfredo, et al.
(author)
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Skolan suddar i bilden
- 1992
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In: Västerbottens-Kuriren. - : Västerbottens-kuriren. ; :6/11
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 24. |
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Culture in Africa : an appeal for pluralism
- 1993
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Editorial proceedings (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The essays in this publication range from poetry and drama to church music, architecture, and popular magazines. Common to them is the effort to make the disciplines of arts and those of social sciences meet. African cultural expressions are treated here as anchored in the experiences common to the people of Africa, while the provincial exclusiveness of Afrocentrism is shunned.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Edlund, Ann-Catrine, 1959-
(author)
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Ränner en rännkut och en rant omkring? : Diskussion kring två ord för 'säl'
- 1992
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In: Language - The Time Machine. - Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell. - 9171746838 ; , s. 31-36
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- From the basis of two words for 'seal', rant and rännkut, this article discusses a motive of designation for denoting the semantic fiels rut and ruttish animals in Swedish dialects. The motive refers to the ruttish animals' habit of running around restlessly. The words which are associated with this motive emanate from verbs meaning 'move (swiftly)'. In the article, the productive verbs, ränna, löpa, fara and gå are discussed. The original meaning of the verbs, 'move (swiftly)', has probably shifted from referring tho the movement of the animals to the cause of the movement, the rut.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Eklöv, Peter, et al.
(author)
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PISCIVORE EFFICIENCY AND REFUGING PREY - THE IMPORTANCE OF PREDATOR SEARCH MODE
- 1994
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In: Oecologia. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 98:3-4, s. 344-353
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In predator-prey interactions, the efficiency of the predator is dependent on characteristics of both the predator and the prey, as well as the structure of the environment. In a field enclosure experiment, we tested the effects of a prey refuge on predator search mode, predator efficiency and prey behaviour. Replicated enclosures containing young of the year (0+) and 1-year-old (1+) perch were stocked with 3 differentially sized individuals of either of 2 piscivorous species, perch (Perca fluviatilis), pike (Esox lucius), or no piscivorous predators. Each enclosure contained an open predator area with three small vegetation patches, and a vegetated absolute refuge for the prey. We quantified the behaviour of the predators and the prey simultaneously, and at the end of the experiment the growth of the predators and the mortality and habitat use of the prey were estimated. The activity mode of both predator species was stationary. Perch stayed in pairs in the vegetation patches whereas pike remained solitary and occupied the corners of the enclosure. The largest pike individuals stayed closest to the prey refuge whereas the smallest individuals stayed farthest away from the prey refuge, indicating size-dependent interference among pike. Both size classes of prey showed stronger behavioural responses to pike than to perch with respect to refuge use, distance from refuge and distance to the nearest predator. Prey mortality was higher in the presence of pike than in the presence of perch. Predators decreased in body mass in all treatments, and perch showed a relatively stronger decrease in body mass than pike during the experiment. Growth differences of perch and pike, and mortality differences of prey caused by predation, can be explained by predator morphology, predator attack efficiency and social versus interference behaviour of the predators. These considerations suggest that pike are more efficient piscivores around prey refuges such as the littoral zones of lakes, whereas perch have previously been observed to be more efficient in open areas, such as in the pelagic zones of lakes.
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| 30. |
- Ekselius, Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Personality disorders in DSM-III-R as categorical or dimensional.
- 1993
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In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 88:3, s. 183-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite the atheoretical approach of the DSM-III-R, the personality disorders have their roots in specific theoretical schools. Due to clinical tradition, analogies with Axis I and the tradition in psychiatry and medicine, the personality disorders are presented as categories although there is more empirical support for a dimensional approach. This study attempted to determine whether the separate personality disorders meet Kendell's criteria for distinct entities, i.e., bimodality with distinct points of rarity. None of the personality disorders met the criteria for a distinct disease entity. Instead, all of the personality disorders presented as continuous, dimensional personality traits present among healthy subjects and more pronounced in patients with mental disorders.
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