| 51. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of Steel Mills as Carbon Sinks
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The iron and steel industry is one of the industries with the largest global contribution to CO2 emissions. Possible mitigation options include use of biomass and carbon capture and storage. Combining these two mitigation options, this study evaluates the potential for BECCS at an integrated steel mill in Sweden. The injection of pulverized biocoal from torrefaction or pyrolysis into a blast furnace and CO2 capture by amine absorption of the blast furnace gas leaving at the top of the furnace can reduce CO2 site emissions by up to 61 %, when accounting for negative emissions (biogenic CO2 being captured). The mitigation cost are estimated to 43 – 100 € per tonne CO2 avoided, depending primarily on biomass prices and the share of biomass used in the process (the study assumes a cost effective capture rate of 84%). Besides a reduction in CO2 emissions, the study highlights the potential for green by-products from injecting biogenic carbon into the blast furnace in the form of renewable electricity and CO2 neutral steel. The study concludes that it is theoretically possible to reach carbon neutrality or even net-negative emissions in an integrated steel mill, but this would require considerable process changes and high demand of biomass. Nonetheless, the implementation of BECCS based on feasible biomass injection volumes in integrated steel mills is interesting as a near-term and possibly cost-effective option for CO2 mitigation.
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| 52. |
- Biermann, Maximilian, et al.
(författare)
-
Excess heat-driven carbon capture at an integrated steel mill : Considerations for capture cost optimization
- 2019
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Primary steelmaking in blast and basic oxygen furnaces is inherently carbon-intensive. Partial capture, i.e., capturing only a share of the CO2, is discussed as an option to reduce the cost of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and to realize a near-term reduction in emissions from the steel industry. This work presents a techno-economic assessment of partial capture based on amine absorption of CO2. The cost of steam from excess heat is assessed in detail. Using this steam to drive the capture process yields costs of 28–50 €/t CO2-captured. Capture of CO2 from the blast furnace gas outperforms end-of-pipe capture from the combined-heat-and-power plant or hot stove flue gases onsite by 3–5 €/t CO2-captured. The study shows that partial capture driven exclusively by excess heat represents a lower cost for a steel mill owner, estimated in the range of 15–30 €/t CO2-captured, as compared to full capture driven by the combustion of extra fuel. In addition, the full-chain CCS cost (capture, transport and storage) for partial capture is discussed in light of future carbon prices. We conclude that implementation of partial capture in the steel industry in the 2020s is possible and economically viable if policymakers ensure long-term regulation of carbon prices in line with agreed emission reduction targets beyond Year 2030.
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| 53. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Lessons learned from the Preem-CCS project – a pioneering Swedish-Norwegian collaboration showcasing the full CCS chain
- 2022
-
Ingår i: 16th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference 2022 (GHGT-16).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the key findings of the Preem-CCS project, a co-funded Swedish-Norwegian R&D collaboration that investigated CO2 capture from the Preem refineries in Sweden, and subsequent ship transport of captured CO2 for permanent storage on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The project was conducted 2019-2022 and accomplished: 1) the on-site pilot scale demonstration of amine-based CO2 absorption using Aker Carbon Capture’s mobile test unit (MTU), 2) an in-depth investigation of energy-efficient heat supply for CO2 capture, 3) a detailed techno-economic evaluation of a feasible carbon capture and storage (CCS) chain (from CO2 capture in Sweden to ship transport to Norway), and 4) an investigation of relevant legal and regulatory aspects of trans-border CO2 transport between Sweden and Norway.
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| 54. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Partial capture from refineries through utilization of existing site energy systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference 2021, GHGT 2021. - : Elsevier BV.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies indicate that carbon capture and storage operations need to be ramped up in the coming decades to limit global warming to well-below 2°C. Partial CO2 capture from carbon-intensive industrial processes is a promising starting point for initial CO2 transport and storage infrastructure projects, such as the Norwegian full-chain CCS project “Northern Lights”, since specific capture cost (€/t CO2) for single-stack capture can be kept low compared to full capture from all, often less suitable stacks. This work highlights the importance of utilizing existing site energy systems to avoid significant increase in marginal abatement cost when moving from partial to full capture. A systematic and comprehensive techno-economic approach is applied that identifies a mix of heat supply sources with minimum cost based on a detailed analysis of available heat and capacity within the existing site energy system. Time-dependent variations are considered via multi-period, linear optimization. For single-stack capture from the hydrogen production unit (~0.5 Mt CO2 p.a.) of a Swedish refinery in the context of the current energy system, we find avoidance cost for the capture plant (liquefaction, ship transport, and storage excluded)of 42 €/t CO2-avoided that is predominantly driven by steam raised from available process heat in existing coolers (~6 €/t steam). For full capture from all major stacks (~1.4 Mt CO2 p.a.), the avoidance cost becomes twice as high (86 €/t CO2-avoided) due to heat supply from available heat and existing boiler capacity (combustion of natural gas) at costs of ~20€/t steam. The analysis shows that very few investments in new steam capacity are required, and thus, that the utilization of existing site energy systems is important for lowering capture cost significantly, and thus the whole-chain cost for early CCS projects.
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| 55. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Partial Carbon Capture by Absorption Cycle for Reduced Specific Capture Cost
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 57:45, s. 15411-15422
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For a sustainable-energy system, the industrial carbon emission should be zero or close to it. The partial capture of CO2, i.e., capturing only a share of the CO2, is discussed as an option for initiating the transition toward the decarbonization of industry by reducing the CO2 mitigation cost at industrial sites. This work models two approaches to achieving partial capture based on amine absorption: (1) capturing 90% CO2 from a split stream of the flue gas or (2) capturing less CO2 (≪90%) from the total flue-gas flow. A techno-economic analysis is carried out that considers scale, CO2 concentration, and process configurations (absorber intercooling and rich solvent splitting) when comparing the cost of partial capture to full capture, i.e., capturing close to all CO2 from the entire gas. Besides lowering absolute costs, the study shows that partial capture from CO2-rich gases may also lower specific cost (€ per tonne of CO2 captured) compared to full capture, despite the economy of scale, during certain market conditions. Operating expenditures, especially the cost of steam, are found to be dominating cost factors for partial capture, even for capture down to 200 000 tonnes per year.
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| 56. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Partial CO2 capture in process industry – a review of aspects to consider for a cost-effective and timely CCS implementation
- 2022
-
Ingår i: 16th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference 2022 (GHGT-16).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon capture and storage (CCS) activities need to be ramped up significantly to address the climate crises. This paper reviews relevant techno-economic and policy-related aspects for a cost-effective, near-term implementation of CCS via partial CO2 capture in the process industry which have been explored in a doctoral thesis from a site-level perspective. These aspects include: 1) the energy- and cost-effective design of solvent-based processes for partial capture, entailing cost savings of up to 10% for CO2-rich gases (>17 vol.%wet); 2) the efficient use of available heat on-site to power partial which can confer cost savings along the entire CCS chain of up to ~25%; 3) the incorporation of site realities, such as temporal variations in heat availability, into techno-economic assessments; 4) the adaption of policies that address the allocation of carbon emissions reductions to low-carbon products, so that investments in mitigation technologies are incentivized with respect to the ambition level; and 5), the recognition of the rather narrow window of opportunity for partial capture with regard to the climate targets of the Paris Agreement and to the lifetime of the existing infrastructure, alternative production and (co-)mitigation technologies, as well as the regional energy and CO2 transport and storage systems.
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| 57. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Scenario for near-term implementation of partial capture from blast furnace gases in Swedish steel industry
- 2019
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Iron-and-steel making is a carbon-intensive industry and responsible for about 8% of global CO2 emissions. Meeting CO2 reduction targets is challenging, since carbon is inherent in the dominating production route in blast furnaces. Long-term plans to phase out carbon and change production technique are under way, such as iron ore reduction with hydrogen[1][2] won from renewable energies or electro winning[3], however unlikely to be implemented at scale before 2040 [4]. Until a transition to such technologies is completed, carbon leakage will remain to be a threat to steel industry inside EU ETS system. CCS remains an option for steel industry to comply with reduction targets and meet rising allowance (EUA) prices, currently above 20 €/t. Most studies on CCS propose a capture rate of ≥ 90 %[5–7], however, CCS could be considered as a part of a series of measures (e.g. fuel change, energy efficiency measures) that together achieve a significant reduction in CO2 emissions until a carbon-neutral production is in place. This line of thought motivates the concept of partial capture, where only the most cost effective part of the CO2 emissions are separated for storage [8]. In steel industry, high CO2 concentrations at large flows and the availability of excess heat make partial capture attractive. Previous work on the steel mill in Luleå, Sweden, emits around 3.1 Mt CO2 per year, has found that 40-45 % of site emissions can be captured fueled by excess heat alone[9]. Therein, five heat recovery technologies were assessed, ranging from back pressure operation of CHP turbine to dry slag granulation. Promising CO2 sources on site include flue gases from hot stoves and the combined-heat and power plant, and the process gas originating from the blast furnace – blast furnace gas (BFG). BFG is a pressurized, low value fuel used for heating on site. CO2 separation from BFG requires less reboiler heat for MEA regeneration, and the enhanced heating value of the CO2 lean BFG increases energy efficiency of the steel mill [9]. This work discusses the near-term (the 2020s) implementation of partial capture at a Swedish steel mill and the economic viability of such implementation dependent on the energy price, carbon price, and required reductions in CO2 emissions. Based on previous work [9][10,11] on partial capture in steel industry a cost estimation of a capture system for the BFG is conducted including CAPEX and OPEX of the MEA capture unit, gas piping, and recovering heat from the steel mill. The costs are summarized as equivalent annualized capture cost (EAC) and set into relation to transport and storage costs as well as carbon emission costs to form the net abatement cost (NAC) according to Eq. (1) ???=???+ ?????????&??????? ???? −?????? ????? [€/???2] (1) Figure 1 shows how EAC for BFG varies with the capture rate and the cost of steam for different heat recovery technologies represented by the steps in the curve ( see explanation in [9]). Note that partial capture from BFG is more economical than the full capture benchmark. The most cost-efficient case of 28 €/t CO2 captured is achieved for BFG capture fueled by steam from back-pressure operation (at the expense of electricity production), flue gas heat recovery and flare gas combustion. The transport and storage cost applied in Eq (1) represent ship transport from the Bothnian Bay to a storage site in the Baltic Sea , according to Kjärstad et el.[12]. Transport and storage cost range within 17 – 27 €/t CO2 depending on scale. These installation and operation cost for capture, transport and storage are set into relation with various scenarios on future carbon and energy (electricity) prices in Europe and Sweden. For example, Figure 2 illustrates a scenario in line with IEA’s sustainable development scenario to restrict global warming to 2°C. The carbon prices are adapted from WEO 2018 [13] and increase from 20 € to 120 € per tonne CO2 by 2040 and the electricity prices of 42-52 €/MWh (increasing with time) are based on latest results from the NEPP project [14]. In this scenario, partial capture from BFG could become economic viable in 2029, construction in 2020 with operation from 2022/23 onwards is likely to pay off within a lifetime of 20 years only. This work demonstrates the viability of partial capture as cost-efficient mitigation measure for the steel industry and illustrates conditions for an early implementation in the 2020s. This work is part of the CO2stCap project (Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry) and funded by Gassnova (CLIMIT programme), the Swedish Energy Agency, and industry partners.
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| 58. |
- Bonmann, Marlene, 1988, et al.
(författare)
-
Sub-millimetre wave range-Doppler radar as a diagnostic tool for gas-solids systems - solids concentration measurements
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Advanced Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8831 .- 1568-5527. ; 34:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current non-intrusive measurement techniques for characterising the solids flow in gas-solids suspensions are limited by the low temporal or low spatial resolution of the sample volume, or in the case of optical methods, by a short range of sight. In this work, a sub-millimetre wave range-Doppler radar is developed and validated for non-intrusive sensing of solids concentrations in a gas-solids particle system with known characteristics. The radar system combines favourable features, such as the ability to see through at optical frequencies opaque materials, to measure the local solids velocity and the reflected radar power with a spatial resolution of a few cubic centimetres over distances of a few metres. In addition, the radar hardware offers flexibility in terms of installation. After signal processing, the output of the radar is range-velocity images of the solids flowing along the radar’s line-of-sight. The image frame rate can be close to real-time, allowing the solids flow dynamics to be observed. While the well-established Doppler principle is used to measure the solids velocity, this paper introduces a method to relate the received radar signal power to the solids volumetric concentrations (cv) of different particulate materials. The experimental set-up provides a steady stream of free-falling solids that consist of glass spheres, bronze spheres or natural sand grains with known particle size distributions and with particle diameters in the range of 50–300 µm. Thus, the values of cv found using the radar measurements are validated using the values of cv retrieved from closure of the mass balance derived from the measured mass flow rate of the solids stream and the solids velocity. The results show that the radar system provides reliable measurements of cv, with a mean relative error of approximately 25 % for all the tested materials, particle sizes and mass flow rates, yielding values of cv ranging from 0.2 × 10-4 m3/m3 up to 40 × 10-4 m3/m3 and solids velocities within the range of 0–4.5 m/s. This demonstrates the ability of the radar technology to diagnose the solids flow in gas-solids suspensions using a unique combination of penetration length, accuracy, and spatial and time resolution. In future work, the radar technique will be applied to study non-controlled solids flow at a larger scale, and to understand flow conditions relevant to industrial reactor applications, e.g., fluidised bed, entrained flow, and cyclone units.
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| 59. |
- Bäckström, Daniel, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
Gas temperature and radiative heat transfer in oxy-fuel flames
- 2012
-
Ingår i: The 37th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal & Fuel Systems, Clearwater USA, 3-7/6-2012. - 9780932066374
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work presents measurements of the gas temperature, including fluctuations, and its influence on the radiative heat transfer in oxy-fuel flames. The measurements were carried out in the Chalmers 100 kW oxy-fuel test unit. The in-furnace gas temperature was measured by a suction pyrometer and by an optical system based on FTIR-spectroscopy. The radiation intensity was measured by a Narrow Angle Radiometer and the gas radiation was calculated with a Statistical Narrow Band model. The overall agreement between the two temperature measurement techniques was good. The optical system showed a lower temperature than the suction pyrometer in the low velocity regions of the furnace, a difference which is likely to be an effect of the purge gas added in the optical probe. The measured temperature fluctuations were evaluated by modeling of the gas radiation. The influence from the measured fluctuations on the radiative heat transfer shows no effect of turbulence-radiation interaction. However, by comparing with temperature fluctuations in other flames it can be seen that the fluctuations measured here are relatively small. Further research is needed to clarify to which extent the applied methods can account for the turbulence-radiation interaction in the investigated flame.
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| 60. |
- Bäckström, Daniel, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
Measurement and Modeling of Particle Radiation in Coal Flames
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5029 .- 0887-0624. ; 28:3, s. 2199-2210
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work aims at developing a methodology that can provide information of in-flame particle radiation in industrial-scale flames. The method is based on a combination of experimental and modeling work. The experiments have been performed in the high-temperature zone of a 77 kWth swirling lignite flame. Spectral radiation, total radiative intensity, gas temperature, and gas composition were measured, and the radiative intensity in the furnace was modeled with an axisymmetric cylindrical radiation model using Mie theory for the particle properties and a statistical narrow-band model for the gas properties. The in-flame particle radiation was measured with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer connected to a water-cooled probe via fiber optics. In the cross-section of the flame investigated, the particles were found to be the dominating source of radiation. Apart from giving information about particle radiation and temperature, the methodology can also provide estimates of the amount of soot radiation and the maximum contribution from soot radiation compared to the total particle radiation. In the center position in the flame, the maximum contribution from soot radiation was estimated to be less than 40% of the particle radiation. As a validation of the methodology, the modeled total radiative intensity was compared to the total intensity measured with a narrow angle radiometer and the agreement in the results was good, supporting the validity of the used approach.
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