| 21. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Pictures and spoken descriptions elicit similar eye movements during mental imagery, both in light and in complete darkness
- 2006
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Ingår i: Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 0364-0213. ; 30:6, s. 1053-1079
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study provides evidence that eye movements reflect the positions of objects while participants listen to a spoken description, retell a previously heard spoken description, and describe a previously seen picture. This effect is equally strong in retelling from memory, irrespective of whether the original elicitation was spoken or visual. In addition, this effect occurs both while watching a blank white board and while sitting in complete darkness. This study includes 4 experiments. The first 2 experiments measured eye movements of participants looking at a blank white board. Experiment I monitors eye movements of participants on 2 occasions: first, when participants listened to a prerecorded spoken scene description; second, when participants were later retelling it from memory. Experiment 2 first monitored eye movements of participants as they studied a complex picture visually, and then later as they described it from memory. The second pair of experiments (Experiments 3 and 4) replicated Experiments I and 2 with the only difference being that they were executed in complete darkness. This method of analysis differentiated between eye movements that are categorically correct relative to the positions of the whole eye gaze pattern (global correspondence) and eye movements that are only locally correct (local correspondence). The discussion relates the findings to the current debate on mental imagery.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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The Dispersion of Eye Movements During Visual Imagery is Related to Individual Differences in Spatial Imagery Ability
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1200-1205). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.. ; , s. 1200-1205
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explored individual differences in eye movements during visual imagery. Eye movements were recorded for participants who recalled a picture from memory while looking at a blank screen. All participants were tested for working memory capacity and the OSIVQ (Blazhenkova & Kozhevnikov, 2009) was used as an assessment for individual differences in object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal cognitive style. Results revealed a negative correlation between the overall spatial dispersion of eye movements and the spatial imagery score. Consequently, those with a lower spatial imagery score employed a larger degree of eye movements to blank spaces than those with a higher spatial imagery score. No relationship was found between eye movements and the other aspects. We propose that weaker spatial imagery ability increases the “need” to execute eye movements during recall and discuss this finding in relation to the current literature on eye movements to ‘nothing’.
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| 24. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Using Eye Movements and Spoken Discourse as Windows to Inner Space
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Construal of Spatial Meaning : Windows into Conceptual Space - Windows into Conceptual Space. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780199641635 - 9780191760020 ; , s. 9-28
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to show how eye-tracking methodology can be used to study ‘inner space’; both from a theoretical point of view – the existence (or not) of internal image representations – as well as from an applied point of view – the usage of mental imagery in thinking and reasoning. First, we introduce the reader to the mental imagery debate. Second, we summarize studies on mental imagery in different areas of research. Third, we focus on our studies, described in Johansson, Holsanova and Holmqvist (2005, 2006), where we developed a method to study ‘inner space’, and showed that eye movements do to a high degree reflect spatiality during visualizations of both pictures and spoken scene descriptions. Fourth, we discuss theoretical implications, advantages and limitations of this methodology and relate them to current theories of mental imagery, perception and mental simulation. Fifth, we mention relevant application areas and show how our method can be used in thinking and reasoning.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Traub, Franziska, et al.
(författare)
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Eye movements during the recollection of text information reflect content rather than the text itself
- 2015
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Ingår i: ; , s. 67-67
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies have reported that spontaneous eye movements occur when visuospatial information is recalled from memory. Such gazes closely reflect the content and spatial relations from the original scene layout (e.g., Johansson et al., 2012). However, when someone has originally read a scene description, the memory of the physical layout of the text itself might compete with the memory of the spatial arrangement of the described scene. The present study was designed to address this fundamental issue by having participants readscene descriptions that where manipulated to be either congruent or incongruent with the spatial layout of the text itself. 28 participants read and recalled three texts: (1) a scene description congruent with the spatial layout of the text; (2) a scene description incongruent with the spatial layout of the text; and (3) a control text without any spatial scene content. Recollection was performed orally while gazing at a blank screen. Results demonstrate that participant’s gaze patterns during recall more closely reflect the spatial layout of the scene than the physical locations of the text. Memory data provide evidence that mental models representing either the situation or the text do not necessarily compete but rather supplement each other
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