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- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Policy design for a multifunctional landscape
- 2010
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Ingår i: Regional Environmental Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-3798 .- 1436-378X. ; 10:4, s. 339-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landscapes consisting of several elements, such as wetlands and forests, are multifunctional in nature and produce both market and non-market goods. The need for policies arises from the existence of non-market ecosystem services that are not traded and thereby generally not subject to economic trade-offs in landowner decision making. An efficient incentive scheme for producing both types of goods would require policy designed for each non-market good. However, this may result in high transaction costs, possibly giving second-best solutions a comparative advantage when only one non-market good is regulated. This paper demonstrates that in the Hovran catchment area in mid Sweden, which produces the non-market goods water quality, biodiversity, and scenic beauty, compensation payments for biodiversity production alone provide almost maximum total net value of all market and non-market goods. On the other hand, payments for providing scenic beauty in the form of open landscape may result in lower total net value than no compensation payment at all, due to a negative impact on water quality.
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| 3. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Development and non-indigenous species at the global scale
- 2011
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Ingår i: Regional Environmental Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-3798 .- 1436-378X. ; 11:3, s. 593-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the explanatory power of development, prosperity and regulatory capability as proximate causes of non-indigenous species (NIS) occurrence in different countries, doing this by statistically analysing a global cross-sectional data set. Since the quantification of development is subject to much discussion, two different indicators are tested: gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the United Nations human development index (HDI). A corruption index is used as an indicator of regulatory capacity. In addition, variables capturing country openness, which facilitates NIS introduction, and habitat conditions, which determine NIS establishment, are included as explanatory variables. The GDP indicator together with the corruption index fits the NIS data best, where the number of NIS is higher in countries with larger incomes. However, countries with relatively high income but low institutional capacity show a larger number of NIS than countries with a similar level of income but with higher institutional capacity. The results also point to the significant contributions of openness and habitat fragmentation to NIS occurrences in the countries.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Camilla, 1979-
(författare)
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Changing the risk at the margin : Smallholder farming and public policy in developing countries
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines whether the implementation of a social safety net programme in Ethiopia has affected the value, risk and composition of farmers‟ crop portfolios. The empirical analysis suggests that the value and risk of the crop portfolio have not been altered due to the programme. However, the programme seems to have brought about some changes in the land allocated to different crops. Paper [II] studies how a social safety net affects farmers‟ (dis)investments in productive assets. More specifically, it studies how the Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia has changed livestock and tree holdings. The results indicate no significant effect on livestock holdings, but a significant increase in tree holdings. Paper [III] investigates if there is a problem of adverse selection in formal microlending in rural Bangladesh. The results indicate that farmers who only borrow formally have a shadow price of capital that is substantially higher than the average informal interest rate. This suggests that farmers that only borrow formally are perceived as poor credit risks by informal lenders. Paper [IV] explores the economic incentives surrounding the cultivation of opium poppy in Afghanistan. Specifically, it examines the impact of eradication policies when opium is used as a means of obtaining credit, and when the crops are produced in sharecropping arrangements. The results indicate that both these features are likely to affect the outcome of eradication policies.
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| 5. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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Climate Change and Variability
- 2010
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Ingår i: Climate Change and Resilience Value of Mussel Farming for the Baltic Sea. - 9789533071442 ; , s. 189-197
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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Climate change and the Water Framework Directive: cost effectiveness and policy design for water management in the Swedish Malar region
- 2010
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Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 100, s. 463-484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper calculates the impacts of climatic change on cost effective nutrient management under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) for the eutrophic Malar lake and Stockholm archipelago in south-eastern Sweden. This is carried out for two types of targets: actual nutrient reduction targets and water quality targets as suggested by WFD. Stochastic programming is applied where climatic changes are modelled as impacts on the mean and variability in nutrient loads and water quality. The results indicate significant impacts on abatement costs and associated nutrient policy design for both targets. Climatic change may under favourable conditions 'solve' the water quality problem by achieving the predetermined target without any need for policy instruments, but can also generate large increases in cleaning costs and required charge/subsidy schemes for the same target. The results also point to the importance of target setting, where water quality targets are more robust than nutrient reduction targets with respect to achievement under different climate change impacts.
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