| 59841. |
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Languages of Exile : Migration and Multilingualism in Twentieth-Century Literature
- 2013
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Languages of Exile examines the relationship between geographic and linguistic border crossings in twentieth-century literature. Like no period before it, the last century was marked by the experience of expatriation, forcing exiled writers to confront the fact of linguistic difference. Literary writing can be read as the site where that confrontation is played out aesthetically – at the intersection between native and acquired language, between indigenous and alien, between self and other – in a complex multilingual dynamic specific to exile and migration.The essays collected here explore this dynamic from a comparative perspective, addressing the paragons of modernism as well as less frequently studied authors, from Joseph Conrad and Peter Weiss to Agota Kristof and Malika Mokeddem. The essays are international in their approach; they deal with the junctions and gaps between English, French, German, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and other languages. The literary works and practices addressed include modernist poetry and prose, philosophical criticism and autobiography, DADA performance, sound art and experimental music theatre. This volume reveals both the wide range of creative strategies developed in response to the interstitial situation of exile and the crucial role of exile for a renewed understanding of twentieth-century literature.
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| 59842. |
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Languages of Northern Pakistan : Essays in Memory of Carla Radloff
- 2022
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book is a unique collection of papers on the languages and cultures in the northern areas of Pakistan and the surrounding regions. In a single volume, the editors have compiled the work of a variety of national and international scholars, long concerned with the linguistic aspects of the many languages discussed here. The basis for most of the articles is material collected in areas difficult to access, presented here in print for the first time. The material sometimes concerns languages likely to soon disappear. The different chapters reflect many of the complex regions and languages of northern Pakistan and its surrounding areas, thus being of interest to linguistic scholars across the world. This volume is dedicated to the memory of Carla Radloff, who was a well-known contributor to studies of the languages of northern Pakistan until her untimely death in 2012.
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| 59843. |
- Lankoski, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to special issue: Experiencing games : Games, play and players
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of gaming and virtual worlds. - Bristol, U.K. : Intellect Ltd.. - 1757-191X .- 1757-1928. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I augusti 2010 hölls den första nordiska DIGRA-konferensen i Stockholm. Temat för konferensen var spelarupplevelser och spelarstudier för datorspel; ett tema som valts i linje med det skandinaviska fokuset på användarcentrerad design. Att det fanns ett behov av en nordisk spelforskningskonferens var uppenbart från det stora antal nordiska akademiker som är aktiva inom området. Konferensen attraherade också forskare från hela Skandinavien. DIGRA är en internationell sammanslutning för akademiker i spelforskningsområdet. Den första internationella DIGRA-konferensen organiserades 2003 och attraherade ett brett register av akademiker från hela världen. År 2010 öppnade DIGRA möjligheten att organisera regionala konferenser. Eftersom 2010 års konferens introducerade nordisk spelforskning som ett eget område så är det naturligt att i det sammanhanget reflektera över om den nordiska spelforskningen har någon speciell karaktär, som skiljer sig från spelforskningen globalt. Fick konferensen någon speciell inriktning baserad på det faktum att en riktade sig till nordiska spelforskare, och om det var så, vilka ämnen och metoder karaktäriserar den nordiska spelforskningen? Dessa är frågor vi vill försöka reda ut i vår introduktion.
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| 59844. |
- Lansing, J. Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive self-organization of Bali's ancient rice terraces
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 114:25, s. 6504-6509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatial patterning often occurs in ecosystems as a result of a self-organizing process caused by feedback between organisms and the physical environment. Here, we show that the spatial patterns observable in centuries-old Balinese rice terraces are also created by feedback between farmers' decisions and the ecology of the paddies, which triggers a transition from local to global-scale control of water shortages and rice pests. We propose an evolutionary game, based on local farmers' decisions that predicts specific power laws in spatial patterning that are also seen in a multispectral image analysis of Balinese rice terraces. The model shows how feedbacks between human decisions and ecosystem processes can evolve toward an optimal state in which total harvests are maximized and the system approaches Pareto optimality. It helps explain how multiscale cooperation from the community to the watershed scale could persist for centuries, and why the disruption of this self-organizing system by the Green Revolution caused chaos in irrigation and devastating losses from pests. The model shows that adaptation in a coupled human-natural system can trigger self-organized criticality (SOC). In previous exogenously driven SOC models, adaptation plays no role, and no optimization occurs. In contrast, adaptive SOC is a self-organizing process where local adaptations drive the system toward local and global optima.
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| 59845. |
- Lansing, John Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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An ongoing Austronesian expansion in Island Southeast Asia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. - : Elsevier. - 0278-4165 .- 1090-2686. ; 30:3, s. 262-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Austronesian expansion into Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific was the last and most far-reaching prehistoric human migration. Austronesian languages replaced indigenous languages over nearly half the globe, yet the absolute number of Austronesian colonists was small. Recently, geneticists have identified large geographic disparities in the relative proportions of Asian ancestry across different genetic systems (NRY, mitochondrial DNA, autosomes and X chromosomes) in Austronesian-speaking societies of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Surprisingly, a substantial genetic discontinuity occurs in the middle of a continuous chain of islands that form the southern arc of the Indonesian archipelago, near the geographic center of the Austronesian world. In the absence of geographic barriers to migration, this genetic boundary and swathe of Austronesian language replacement must have emerged from social behavior. Drawing on decades of comparative ethnological research inspired by F.A.E. van Wouden's structural model of Austronesian social organization, later codified by Claude Levi-Strauss as "House societies" ("societes a maison"), we propose a two-stage ethnographic model in which the appearance of matrilocal "House societies" during the initial phase of the Austronesian expansion, and the subsequent disappearance of "House societies" in lowland rice-growing regions, accounts for the observed linguistic, genetic and cultural patterns.
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| 59846. |
- Lansing, John Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Anthropology and Complexity
- 2011
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Ingår i: Philosophy of Complex Systems, Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. - North Holland. ; 10, s. 569-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 59847. |
- Lansing, J. Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Kinship structures create persistent channels for language transmission
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 114:49, s. 12910-12915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Languages are transmitted through channels created by kinship systems. Given sufficient time, these kinship channels can change the genetic and linguistic structure of populations. In traditional societies of eastern Indonesia, finely resolved cophylogenies of languages and genes reveal persistent movements between stable speech communities facilitated by kinship rules. When multiple languages are present in a region and post-marital residence rules encourage sustained directional movement between speech communities, then languages should be channeled along uniparental lines. We find strong evidence for this pattern in 982 individuals from 25 villages on two adjacent islands, where different kinship rules have been followed. Core groups of close relatives have stayed together for generations, while remaining in contact with, and marrying into, surrounding groups. Over time, these kinship systems shaped their gene and language phylogenies: Consistently following a postmarital residence rule turned social communities into speech communities.
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| 59848. |
- Lansing, J. Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Niche construction on Bali : the gods of the countryside
- 2011
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 366:1566, s. 927-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human niche construction encompasses both purely biological phenomena, such as the evolution of lactose tolerance, and dual inheritance theory, which investigates the transmission of cultural information. But does niche construction help to explain phenomena in which conscious intention also plays a role? The creation of the engineered landscape of Balinese rice terraces offers a test case. Population genetic analysis and archaeological evidence are used to investigate whether this phenomenon emerged historically from trial and error by generations of farmers, or alternatively was designed by Bali's rulers. In light of strong support for the former hypothesis, two models are developed to explore the emergence of functional structure at both local and global scales. As time goes forward and selected patterns of irrigation schedules are implemented, local variation in rice harvests influences future decisions by the farmers, creating a coupled human-natural system governed by feedback from the environment. This mathematical analysis received a measure of empirical support when government agricultural policies severed the local feedback channels, resulting in the almost instantaneous collapse of rice harvests. The historical process of niche construction may also have included an evolution of religious consciousness, reflected in the beliefs and practices of the water temple cult.
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| 59849. |
- Lansing, John Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Rice, fish, and the planet
- 2011
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Ingår i: PNAS. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490. ; 108:50, s. 19841-19842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2002, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization launched a program to recognize “globally important agricultural heritage systems” (1). However, so far, only eight systems have been included (1). In PNAS, the work by Xie et al. (2) reports the results of a 5-yr study of one of the systems, a farming system in south China, where for over 1,200 y, farmers have grown an indigenous species of common carp in their rice paddies. The methods used in this study are impressively thorough, but the purpose of the research is only incidentally to document an exotic agricultural heritage (2). Instead, the main goal is to discover whether features of this traditional agricultural system could contribute to innovations in sustainable agriculture at the global scale by unpacking the ecological interactions between fish, rice, and the environment.
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| 59850. |
- Lansing, John Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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The Domain of the Replicators : cultural Evolution and the Neutral Theory
- 2011
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Ingår i: Current Anthropology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0011-3204 .- 1537-5382. ; 52:1, s. 105-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do cultural phenomena undergo evolutionary change, in a Darwinian sense? If so, is evolutionary game theory (EGT) the best way to study them? Opinion on these questions is sharply divided. Proponents of EGT argue that it offers a unified theoretical framework for the social sciences, while critics even deny that Darwinian models are appropriately applied to culture. To evaluate these claims, we examine three facets of cultural evolution: (i) cultural traits that evolve by Darwinian selection, (ii) cultural traits that affect biological fitness, and (iii) coevolution of culture and biology, where selection in one affects evolutionary outcomes in the other. For each of these cases, the relevance of EGT depends on whether its assumptions are met. Those assumptions are quite restrictive: selection is constant, time horizons are deep, the external environment is not part of the game, and neutral processes such as drift are irrelevant. If these conditions are not met, other evolutionary models such as neutrality, coalescence theory, or niche construction may prove more appropriate. We conclude that Darwinian processes can occur in all three types of cultural or biological change. However, exclusive reliance on EGT can obscure the respective roles of selective and neutral processes.
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