| 51. |
- Keus van de Poll, Marijke, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Kan arbetsminne förklara varför människor med schizotypy har uppmärksamhetsproblem?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Best Practice. - 1329-1874. ; -:April
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Det är lätt att undvika att distraheras av det vi ser. Det räcker med att blunda. När det gäller ljud kan vi å andra sidan inte bara stänga av öronen för att slippa höra det. När vi sitter och jobbar, och inte vill höra ljud som finns i bakgrunden, registrerar hjärnan ljudet automatiskt.Bakgrundsljud, som kan komma från folk som pratar, telefoner som ringer och så vidare, fångar vår uppmärksamhet och gör att vi tappar fokus på den uppgift vi har framför oss. Detta kan i förlängningen leda till irritation och till försämrad prestation och hälsa.Att vara lättdistraherad har konsekvenser både för ens sociala beteende och för hur man fungerar på en arbetsplats eller skola. En lättdistraherad person som har sin arbetsplats i ett öppet kontorslandskap till exempel, där bakgrundsljud är mycket vanligt, presterar sämre än hen skulle göra på ett privat kontor där man generellt sett blir mindre störd. Vissa störs emellertid mer än andra. Varför är det så? En del av svaret på frågan är att människor varierar i något som kallas arbetsminneskapacitet. Arbetsminne är en minnesfunktion som används för att tillfälligt lagra och bearbeta information som vi har i medvetandet. Storleken på arbetsminnet (arbetsminneskapaciteten) kan variera mellan människor, och prestationen på många uppgifter, till exempel att läsa och skriva, beror på arbetsminneskapaciteten. Forskning har också visat att individer med låg arbetsminneskapacitet är mer lättdistraherade jämfört med individer med hög arbetsminneskapacitet.Distraktion, schizotypy och arbetsminne Att vara mer lättdistraherad än andra är något som människor med hög grad av schizotypy känner igen sig i. Detta gäller både för dem som har diagnosen schizofreni och för dem som inte har diagnosen men som ändå har symtomen. Människor med hög grad av schizotypy har svårare än andra att hålla kvar uppmärksamheten och förbli fokuserade på en uppgift i en bullrig miljö. Ofta har de även sämre arbetsminne än andra, vilket innebär prestationsförluster i många situationer. En hypotes har därför varit att sambandet mellan schizotypy och distraktion beror på det sämre arbetsminnet.I en nyligen publicerad studie1 testades denna hypotes, men det visade sig att variationer i arbetsminne inte kan förklara sambandet mellan schizotypy och distraktion. Individer som klassificerades ha ”hög grad av schizotypy” var mer distraherade av oväntade ljud under såväl en visuospatial som en verbal uppgift, jämfört med dem som klassificerades ha ”låg grad av schizotypy”. Samma mönster hittades för dem som klassificerades ha låg kontra hög arbetsminneskapacitet.Det intressantaste resultatet från studien var emellertid att schizotypy och arbetsminneskapacitet bidrog på olika sätt till hur lätt individerna distraherades av det överraskande ljudet. Detta innebär att olika mekanismer ligger bakom den uppmärksamhetsproblematik som är kopplad till schizotypy jämfört med den problematik som är kopplad till sämre arbetsminneskapacitet. Med andra ord verkar det som om variationer i arbetsminne inte kan förklara varför individer med hög schizotypy har uppmärksamhetsproblem.Exakt hur arbetsminneskapacitet och schizotypy skiljer sig åt är något som författarna till studien endast kunde spekulera om. En hypotes som är välgrundad i litteraturen är emellertid att variationer i arbetsminneskapacitet bidrar till distraherbarhet genom att påverka hur väl människor lyckas avgränsa uppmärksamhetens omfång till den uppgift de håller på med. Hög schizotypy bidrar å andra sidan genom att göra det svårare att ignorera saker i omgivningen, vilket skulle kunna bero på brister i habituering. Det innebär i det här fallet att hög schizotypy leder till svårigheter att vänja sig vid störningsfaktorn över tid, i takt med att man får allt mer erfarenhet av bakgrundsljudet.SlutsatsVi drar slutsatsen att arbetsminne och schizotypy tenderar att samvariera på ett sådant sätt att människor med hög grad av schizotypy också tenderar att ha låg arbetsminneskapacitet. Men det är inte den låga arbetsminneskapaciteten i sig som skapar uppmärksamhetsproblemen hos dessa individer. En viktig implikation av denna slutsats är att ”arbetsminnesträning” (det vill säga interventioner i form av träningsprogram som syftar till att öka arbetsminneskapaciteten) inte bör bidra till att minska uppmärksamhetsproblematiken för människor med hög grad av schizotypy.
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| 52. |
- Keus van de Poll, Marijke, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of Irrelevant Background Speech Masked by Noise on Writing Performance
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research has shown impairing effects of irrelevant speech on cognitive capabilities as, for example, reading and listening comprehension. Yet, so far research has paid little attention to how these distracters can influence text production. The aim of this study is to investigate how speech intelligibility in terms of different Speech Transmission Index (STI) values influence writing performance. The expectation is that background sound with higher STI values (i.e., when it is easier to hear what is said in the speech signal) will be more detrimental to the writing process. Moreover, the expectation is that persons with high working memory capacity (WMC) will be less distracted than persons with low WMC. In an experimental within-subjects design college students (N ~ 48) are asked to write short essays (5 minutes per essay) in the software program ScriptLog in 5 different STI conditions. Across the conditions, irrelevant background speech masked by white noise is manipulated in terms of different STI values. The essays are based on different pictures presented on a computer screen. At the beginning the participants are asked to do a working memory task (size-comparison span). The results will be presented at the conference. This study contributes to further knowledge of how different acoustical conditions influence cognitive language production processes, which is important in schools and office environments.
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| 53. |
- Keus van de Poll, Marijke, et al.
(författare)
-
Unmasking the effects of masking on performance : The potential of multiple-voice masking in the office environment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 138:2, s. 807-816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Broadband noise is often used as a masking sound to combat the negative consequences of background speech on performance in open-plan offices. As office workers generally dislike broadband noise, it is important to find alternatives that are more appreciated while being at least not less effective. The purpose of experiment 1 was to compare broadband noise with two alternatives - multiple voices and water waves - in the context of a serial short-term memory task. A single voice impaired memory in comparison with silence, but when the single voice was masked with multiple voices, performance was on level with silence. Experiment 2 explored the benefits of multiple-voice masking in more detail (by comparing one voice, three voices, five voices, and seven voices) in the context of word processed writing (arguably a more office-relevant task). Performance (i.e., writing fluency) increased linearly from worst performance in the one-voice condition to best performance in the seven-voice condition. Psychological mechanisms underpinning these effects are discussed
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| 54. |
- Kjellberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Experimentell metodik för beteendevetare
- 2015. - 2
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Experimentet är den vetenskapliga metod som ger oss de bästa möjligheterna att ta reda på orsakerna bakom det vi vill studera. Alla vetenskapliga undersökningar har svagheter, så även de som är baserade på experiment. Skillnaden är att experimentet erbjuder unika möjligheter att komma runt svårigheterna. Det är om detta Experimentell metodik för beteendevetare handlar. Även de studenter och forskare som själva aldrig kommer att genomföra ett experiment behöver god kännedom om experimentell metodik.
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Kron, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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The demand-what-you-want strategy to service recovery : Achieving high customer satisfaction with low service failure compensation using anchoring and precision effects
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of service theory and practice. - : Emerald. - 2055-6225 .- 2055-6233. ; 33:7, s. 73-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposePrevious research suggests that the compensation offered to customers after a service failure has to be substantial to make customer satisfaction surpass that of an error-free service. However, with the right service recovery strategy, it might be possible to reduce compensation size while maintaining happy customers. The aim of the current study is to test whether an anchoring technique can be used to achieve this goal.Design/methodology/approachAfter experiencing a service failure, participants were told that there is a standard size of the compensation for service failures. The size of this standard was different depending on condition. Thereafter, participants were asked how much they would demand to be satisfied with their customer experience.FindingsThe compensation demand was relatively high on average (1,000–1,400 SEK, ≈ $120). However, telling the participants that customers typically receive 200 SEK as compensation reduced their demand to about 800 SEK (Experiment 1)—an anchoring effect. Moreover, a precise anchoring point (a typical compensation of 247 SEK) generated a lower demand than rounded anchoring points, even when the rounded anchoring point was lower (200 SEK) than the precise counterpart (Experiment 2)—a precision effect.Implications/valueSetting a low compensation standard—yet allowing customers to actually receive compensations above the standard—can make customers more satisfied while also saving resources in demand-what-you-want service recovery situations, in particular when the compensation standard is a precise value.
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| 57. |
- Linder, Noah, et al.
(författare)
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Internal and External Factors' Influence on Recycling : Insights From a Laboratory Experiment With Observed Behavior
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internal psychological factors, such as intentions and personal norms, are central predictors of pro-environmental behavior in many theoretical models, whereas the influence from external factors such as the physical environment is seldom considered. Even rarer is studying how internal factors interact with the physical context in which decisions take place. In the current study, we addressed the relative influence and interaction of psychological and environmental factors on pro-environmental behavior. A laboratory experiment presented participants (N = 399) with a choice to dispatch a used plastic cup in a recycling or general waste bin after participating in a staged yogurt taste test. Results showed how the spatial positioning of bins explained more than half of the variance in recycling behavior whilst self-reported recycling intentions were not related to which bin they used. Rinsing cups (to reduce contamination) before recycling, on the other hand, was related to both behavioral intention and external factors. These results show that even seemingly small differences in a choice context can influence how well internal psychological factors predict behavior and how aspects of the physical environment can assist the alignment of behavior and intentions, as well as steering behavior regardless of motivation.
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| 58. |
- Linder, Noah
(författare)
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Make It Easier : A psychological perspective on sustainable behavior change
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human behavior is the cause of most environmental challenges we face today, and widespread behavioral change is urgently needed across actors and scales. Even though the public perception of the current ecological crisis has changed drastically in recent decades, a corresponding shift in behavior is lacking — unfortunately, mere belief in climate change is a poor predictor of taking action. In light of this knowledge-action gap, this thesis looks at behavior change from a psychological perspective and aims to explore how insights from the behavioral sciences can help understand and promote sustainable behavior change. This thesis mainly focuses on developing and testing interventions to promote pro-environmental behaviors. It studies the effectiveness of information-based nudges, manipulation of the physical environment, and the interaction between internal motivation to act and the immediate decision context. The thesis also explores the automatic and habitual aspects of behavior change. To this end, five studies were conducted. Four empirical studies in which interventions to promote pro-environmental behaviors were designed and implemented in different natural contexts. All interventions were evaluated using observed behavior and a mix of experimental designs, from lab experiments to natural field experiments. A fifth argument-driven conceptual paper was also written. Overall, the result from the studies highlights the potential (and complexity) of applying behavioral insights in intervention design: they indicate that the effect can be long-lasting and that relatively small changes in spatial layouts can produce significant behavior change. The results especially showcase the importance of the immediate decision context, and that if conditions are right, manipulating the physical environment can be a powerful, and potentially underutilized, tool to steer behavior. Notably, findings from a lab experiment showed that even when there are strong self-reported intentions to act, convenience to act sustainably might not be enough to spark change, as long as the alternative routine choice was equally convenient. Not until the more sustainable option was made to be the easier choice did significant change occur. The results also showcase the important role habit plays in our day-to-day actions and decisions, how habits can act as strong barriers to change, and that they link behavior to the physical environment. These insights complement the currently dominant narrative focused on intrinsic and rational motivation for acting sustainably and paves the way for a research agenda focused on exploring the manipulation of the physical environment and “habit architecture” as a way to spark sustainable behavior change.
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| 59. |
- Linder, Noah, et al.
(författare)
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Managing waste behavior by manipulating the normative appeal of trash bins: Lessons from an urban field experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling Advances. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 2667-3789. ; 19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Littering is a problem in many human societies. In this study, 9 individual street bins were manipulated on a central street in the city of Gävle, Sweden. The aim was to explore if changing the appearance of the bins, thereby manipulating the different types of social norms they signal, can increase the amount of trash they collect and mitigate littering. A field experiment tested the effectiveness of two alternatives to the conventional grey street bin; one bin foliated with pictures drawn by school children containing a normative anti-littering message (explicit norm), and one bright orange salient bin (implicit norm). Observed behavioral data was collected, and both the weight and volume of trash in the bins were measured each day for a period of one month. The results showed a tendency for the salient orange bin to increase trash collection compared to other bins; an effect most tangible towards the end of the weeks. The biggest effect was, however, that the explicitly normative bin reduced trash collection overall. These results provide lessons on how the appearance of bins can influence trash collection, potentially resulting in both desirable and undesirable outcomes.
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| 60. |
- Linklater, Rona D., et al.
(författare)
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Auditory distraction of vocal-motor behaviour by different components of song: testing an interference-by-process account
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 36:1, s. 101-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process-oriented account of auditory distraction suggests that task-disruption is a consequence of the joint action of task- and sound-related processes. Here, four experiments put this view to the test by examining the extent to which to-be-ignored melodies (with or without lyrics) influence vocal-motor processing. Using song retrieval tasks (i.e., reproduction of melodies or lyrics from long-term memory), the results revealed a pattern of disruption that was consistent with an interference-by-process view: disruption depended jointly on the nature of the vocal-motor retrieval (e.g., melody retrieval via humming vs. spoken lyrics) and the characteristics of the sound (whether it contained lyrics and was familiar to the participants). Furthermore, the sound properties, influential in disrupting song reproduction, were not influential for disrupting visual-verbal short-term memory—a task that is arguably underpinned by non-semantic vocal-motor planning processes. Generally, these results cohere better with the process-oriented view, in comparison with competing accounts (e.g., interference-by-content).
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