| 1. |
- Nilsson, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Förbättrad arbetsmiljö för anläggningsmaskinförare
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport sammanfattar resultatet av projektet ”Analys av personskaderisker och deras kostnader för företag med anläggningsmaskiner”. Det har genomförts på uppdrag av Prevent i samarbete med Maskinentreprenörerna (ME), Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet (Byggnads) och Facket för Service och Kommunikation (SEKO) och har finansierats av AFA. Syftet med projektet har varit att i) få en översikt av personskadorna (arbetsolycksfall och arbetssjukdomar) och deras kostnader för företag och ii) systematiskt identifiera och bedöma riskerna med arbete i maskinerna och de kostnader de medför för företagen samt iii) undersöka och föreslå risksänkande åtgärder samt skatta riskerna och kostnaderna om dessa åtgärder genomförs. Resultaten baseras främst på arbetsplatsanalyser, intervjuer med maskinförare och företagsledare, litteraturstudier, statistikbearbetningar och analyser med riskhanteringsmetoderna SCA och MAWRIC. Resultaten visar att anläggningsmaskinförare har en påfrestande arbetsmiljö. Belastningsskada är den vanligaste och allvarligaste arbetssjukdomen och den vanligaste arbetsolyckan är att skada sig vid i- och urstigning (fallolyckor). Risken att skada andra runt maskinen upplevs som påfrestande och det sker såväl tillbud som olyckor där människor runt maskinen skadas. Ett viktigt resultat i projektet är en sammanställning av förslag på hur man kan minska personskaderiskerna, både genom att använda redan befintliga lösningar och genom att utveckla nya. Såväl organisatoriska som tekniska förändringar föreslås. Resultaten med SCA visar att de arbetsrelaterade personskaderiskerna medför kostnader för företaget som är i storleksordningen en tredjedel av företagets vinst. Detta är en väsentlig del av företagets resultat. MAWRIC-analysen visar att det finns möjligheter att förbättra arbetsmiljön och att sådana förbättringar bör minska personskaderiskerna. Investeringarna är kostsamma, men medför såväl färre skador som ekonomiska besparingar på sikt (här sett på en femårs-period). Kostnaderna för personskador skulle minska till att därefter utgöra motsvarande 1/8 av vinsten. Detta är en avsevärd sänkning. Förhoppningen är att företag och branschen drar nytta av resultatet från studien och inspireras till arbete med att förbättra arbetsmiljön. Det tjänar alla inblandade på.
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| 2. |
- Rose, Linda, 1963-
(författare)
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Endurance and fatigue in eye-level work with low loads
- 2001
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Ingår i: Advances in Occupational Ergonomics and Safety - 4. ; , s. 377-384
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate fatigue reactions in eye-level work with low loads. It consisted of two parts, each with eight men participating. A handle, placed at eye-level 0.5 m in front of the body, was pushed at three different loading levels, varying between 1 and 20 % of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Sustained contractions were performed a) until exhaustion at endurance time Tend during registra-tion of subjective ratings of discomfort/pain and resumption time Tres, and b) for two minutes during registration of mean power frequency, MPF, of the myoelectric signals (EMG) from the biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), trapezius (TZ) and deltoideus (DD) muscles and subjective ratings of discomfort/pain. These parameters were also studied during the following recovery period.The higher the load, the shorter were the Tend and the following recovery period. Also, the Tres decreased with increasing load. The MPF increased in some cases and de-creased in others during the sustained contractions. The levels of decrease/increase in MPF differed for the different loading levels and the different muscles. The largest fa-tigue indications in MPF were in BB while the discomfort/pain originated from TB. TZ showed the smallest fatigue reactions.The results indicate that caution should be taken when developing and using models for estimating physical strain and fatigue based on EMG indications in low loading situations.
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| 3. |
- Rose, Linda, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Endurance, pain and resumption in fully flexed postures
- 2001
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Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 32:5, s. 501-508
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study effects of low loads in fully flexed postures were investigated. Thirteen men who were unused to the postures participated. Thirteen professional construction workers with long experience of suchlike postures were also studied. Pain reactions during and after loading were observed, as well as endurance time and the recovery process, here by studying the resumption time. Endurance and resumption times differed little from those given by models used for more common postures. Pain from the legs and not from the back limited the working ability in 86% of the endurance tests. Thirdly, the construction workers had significantly longer endurance time and shorter resumption time.
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| 4. |
- Rose, Linda, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Endurance time, pain and resumption in passive loading of the elbow joint
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 43:3, s. 405-420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated reactions in passively loaded, fully extended elbow joints in 13 men. Pain reactions during and after loading were studied, as were endurance time, T(end), and resumption time, Tr. The loading moment on the elbow joint, Mn, varied between 7 and 100% of maximum elbow moment. Discomfort/ pain was estimated with Borg's CR-10 scale. T(end) decreased with increasing load level. The opposite was found for the resumption time: the higher the load, held until T(end), the shorter the Tr. The pain limiting the working capability originated mainly from muscle tissue and not from the joint itself. It is concluded that the relation between load and endurance time for passively loaded, fully extended elbow joints resembles that for muscular loading in more 'normal' postures. Equations for estimation of endurance and resumption times (in minutes) for fully extended joints are proposed: T(end) = 20.6e(-6.04Mn) and Tr = 0.0167e(8.84/(1.46+0.346Mn)), respectively.
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| 5. |
- Rose, Linda M, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Ergonomic Evaluation of Utility Trucks with Yoyo Wheel Suspension
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is often difficult to force obstacles with utility trucks. To facilitate this Yo-yo trucks have been developed and ergonomically evaluated. Three types of Yoyo utility trucks were compared with traditional ones. Subjective assessments, force measurements and photo documentation were used. The results show that the Yoyo trucks are experienced as easier to cross obstacles; lead to fewer jerks and are less strenuous. Further, the risks for sudden stops and dropping of the load decrease. The force to cross obstacles with the traditional trucks is between 34-142 % higher and significantly higher in all but one case. The conclusions are that Yoyo trucks are ergonomically advantageous, can be developed further and used in other applications.
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| 6. |
- Rose, Linda M, 1963-
(författare)
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Ergonomisk utvärdering av materialvagnar med Yoyo hjul
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport sammanfattar resultatet av projektet "Ergonomisk utvärdering av materialvagnar försedda med YOYO Technologies’ hjulupphängning "Z-axeln", så kallade Yoyo-vagnar. Det har genomförts på uppdrag av Johan Rosenquist, YOYO Technologies i ett samarbete med NCC. Det har finansierats av Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond, SBUF. Målet med projektet har varit att göra en ergonomisk utvärdering av prototyper av tre olika typer av Yoyo-materialvagnar; fodervagnar, tegelvagnar och gipsvagnar. Utvärderingen har gjorts i samarbete med byggnadsarbetare som använt dels traditionella vagnar, dels nya Yoyo-vagnar. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer, en enkät baserad på Byggpiloternas frågefomulär på arbetsplatser samt Borg’s RPE-skala har använts. Dessutom har även en del av "Standardised Nordic Questionnaires for the Analysis of Musculo-skeletal Symptoms" använts samt kraftmätningar med dynamometer och fotodokumentation gjorts. Resultaten visar att Yoyo-vagnarna upplevs som lättare att köra över hinder. Fördelarna är att det krävs mindre kraft för att köra över hinder, t.ex. trösklar, och man får färre och mindre ryck än med traditionella vagnar. Det leder till mindre påfrestning på kroppen. Dessutom minskar risken att få tvärstopp på vagnen och att tappa lasten. Kraftmätningarna visar också att den erforderliga kraften för att köra över hinder är väsentligt högre med traditionella vagnar än med Yoyo-vagnar. Statistiskt signifikanta skillnader har påvisats i alla fall utom vid körning av fodervagn framåt över hinder. Kraften var i alla de andra fallen 34 –142 % högre med traditionella vagnar. För dem som använder materialvagnar en stor del av sin arbetstid bedöms Yoyo-vagnar medföra mindre risk att utveckla belastningsbesvär. En slutsats är att Yoyo-vagnarna är ergonomiskt sett fördelaktiga. En annan är att prototyperna som testats kan vidareutvecklas, främst vad gäller mjukhet i hjulen. Yoyo-hjul skulle också kunna vara fördelaktiga i andra tillämpningar, t.ex. pirror, skottkärror och sopvagnar.
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| 7. |
- Rose, Linda M., 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Improved Work Environment for Earth Moving Machinery Operators
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objectives of this project has been to map the work environment of earth moving machinery operators and suggest improvements. Interviews with operators and contractors; assessments of personal injury risks and costs to the companies and suggestions for improvements based on literature, statistics and interviews have been carried out The results show that the work environment is strenuous. Overexertion injuries and falling are the most common injuries. The cost of injuries is estimated at approximately 1/3 of the company profit. Risk reducing measures are suggested and discussed. It is concluded that the operators have a strenuous work environment and that the injuries are expensive, but possible to reduce.
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| 8. |
- Rose, Linda M., 1963-
(författare)
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Work Environment in the Cabin : The Ergonomics of Front-End Loaders, Diggers and Dumpsters
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of this project has been to analyse the work environment of earth moving machinery operators and suggest improvements. Interviews with operators and contractors; assessments of personal injury risks and costs to the companies and suggestions for improvements based on literature, statistics and interviews have been carried out. The results show that the work environment is strenuous. Overexertion injuries and falling are the most common injuries. The cost of injuries at one company was estimated at approximately 1/3 of the company profit. Risk reducing measures are suggested and discussed. For the analysed company the costs are reduced from 1/3 to 1/8 of the company profit after pay-off time of investments. It is concluded that the operators have a strenuous work environment and that the injuries are expensive, but possible to reduce.
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| 9. |
- Rose, Linda, 1963-
(författare)
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Models and Methods for Analysis and Improvementof Physical Work Environments
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis concerning work-related personal injuries was to obtain knowledge bases for two purposes. The first was to develop a model, the Ergo-Index, for use when comparing work situations regarding ergonomics and time aspects and choosing the most favourable working method. The second aim was to develop methods for managing personal injury risks at company level. Such tools can be used to motivate improvements in work environments, which will most likely decrease work-related injuries and human suffering, and at the same time increase efficiency.Five studies were carried out. For the Ergo-Index model, four laboratory studies of work situations were used to investigate 1) fatigue reactions such as endurance time, recovery time, resumption time and pain reactions in some awkward postures, 2) differences between women and men regarding endurance, recovery, pain and physical strength, and 3) differences between skilled and non-skilled persons regarding endurance, recovery and pain. Force measurement, EMG methods, and subjective ratings on the Borg CR-10 scale were used for studying static load levels in university students and staff, hospital staff and construction workers. In the fifth study a procedure consisting of two models for managing work-related injuries was developed. This was based mainly on injury statistics, semi-structured interviews with company managers, construction workers and other researchers; and on existing models and methods.Several interesting results were obtained e.g. that the same type of mathematical relations could describe the relation between load and endurance time for passive and active muscle loading situations, that pain from muscle tissue limited the endurance also in loading situations with joints near or at the end of their range of motion, that there were significant differences between skilled, experienced workers and non-skilled participants regarding endurance and resumption time, and that no significant differences between women’s and men’s endurance time and recovery time were found at the same relative load level. The results were used for developing the Ergo-Index. Further, the risk-management procedure enabled economic consequences of work-related injuries at company level to be estimated. This procedure consists of the statistically based cost analysis method (SCA) and the method for analysing work-related risks, improving work environment and estimating total cost (Mawric). In an example for a construction company, work-related personal injury costs constituted about 2 % of turnover. Further, the company’s total cost for work-related personal injury approximated its total profit. Only 6 % of such costs were accounted for traditionally as sick-leave salaries, social contributions and holiday pay. The rest, i.e. 94 % were indirect costs. Risk-reducing measures can lower both risks and costs. In the example given, the measures taken reduced company costs by about 75 %. It is concluded that the models and methods presented can be used as tools for analysis and improvement of physical work environment and for increasing management’s awareness of work-related personal injuries, hence providing incentives for improvement of the working environment.
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| 10. |
- Rose, Linda, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Personal injury risk management in companies
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Risk Management and Human Reliability in Social Context, European Safety, Reliability & Data Association (ESReDA). - Luxembourg. ; , s. 209-226
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Work-related personal injuries, WRPI, lead to human suffering and costs for the community, companies and individuals. Action to reduce the risks must be taken in companies and therefore it is important that companies have adequate knowledge and methods of systematic risk management. However, many companies and organisations lack relevant knowledge about WRPI risks and their consequences. This paper presents two new methods, the Method for Analysing Work related Risks, Improving work environment and estimating total Cost (MAWRIC) and the method for Statistically-based Cost Analysis (SCA). These can be used for risk assessment, for proposing risk-reducing measures and for estimating economic consequences of risks and measures. An example from the construction industry shows that the costs associated with personal injuries may represent 2 % of company turnover and be at the same level as the company's total profit. Only when decision-makers realise the economic consequences of WRPI risks, both for individuals and for their company, does a real interest and incentive for risk reduction arise. It is concluded that the two methods presented can be used as tools to bring risk-associated questions up to management level and to lower WRPI risks and the costs associated with such risks.
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