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  • Resultat 12041-12050 av 22304
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12041.
  • Ljunggren, Joel, et al. (författare)
  • Changes in Extracellular Amino Acids, pH and Growth when Fungi Interact at the Near-contact Level: Heterobasidion parviporum vs. Gloeophyllum sepiarium
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Heterobasidion parviporum and Gloeophyllum sepiarium are fungal species representing two different ecological niches. H. parviporum is a parasitic white-rot fungus and early colonizer of felled wood, while the brown-rot fungus G. sepiarium is an early-middle colonizer in the natural fungi succession order. In this study, we quantitatively examined the utilization of amino acids in the μM range, pH and final dry weight from common liquid glucose-malt extract medium when the two fungi were interacting at the near-contact level. An increase in glutamine concentration was observed, and lysine was utilized in a greater extent when fungi were interacting compared to when they grew on their own. Our results also show fungal interaction is a process with high variability both in pH, growth and amino acid utilization, depending on the type of interaction. A connection between the growth, according to dry weight, and pH is suggested in the interaction between H. parviporum and G. sepiarium.
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12042.
  • Ljunggren, Joel, et al. (författare)
  • Combinatorial Retention-Activity Relationship of Fractionated Turpentine on Fungal Growth
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Essential oils from plants are often used in growth inhibition assays against bacteria, fungi, insects and viral infections. Turpentine from Norway spruce (Picea abies) is an essential oil produced in large quantities as a waste product in paper production. It is a complex mixture of secondary metabolites that is rich in terpenes and terpenoids. These compounds protect the tree from fungal and bacterial infection; turpentine should therefore be a good source for biologically active substances for inhibiting fungal growth. In this study, a combination of a reductive and a holistic approach was employed to find the most inhibiting compound; an approach that we have called an intermistic approach. The most inhibiting compounds was determined in three steps against growth of the saproxylic fungus Coniophora puteana: rejecting half of the turpentine search space in a reductive manner, finding the optimal concentration and finally combining fractions of the most active half of turpentine in a quadratic D-optimal design to investigate it holistically. Multivariate data analysis of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) chromatograms was used to zoom in on the most active compounds responsible for antifungal activity. The growth rate of C. puteana in mm/day was used as y-variable and the relative area percentage of 36 GC-MS peaks from the mixtures was used as x-variables to construct a partial least squares (PLS) regression model. The final model was reduced to 12 peaks and used to find the most promising antifungal compound within the mixture. In addition, an external validation was performed with preparatory GC on the most active fraction. From the model, one putative sesquiterpene was identified along with at least two other sesquiterpenes and one diterpene warrant further investigation. Herein, a general method for finding biologically active compounds against wood-rotting fungi, and potentially other organisms from a complex mixture, is proposed.
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12043.
  • Ljunggren, Joel, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of fractionally distilled Picea abies TMP-turpentine on wood-decaying fungi : in vitro, microcosm and field experiments
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 54, s. 847-868
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Synthetic and heavy metal antifungals are frequently used as wood preservatives. However, they exhibit relatively inert biodegradation and toxic properties when leached; this makes their replacement with environmentally degradable yet functional alternatives a key target in the wood protection industry. In this context, distilled fractions of raw thermomechanical pulp turpentine (TMP-T) from Picea abies were assessed for their wood protecting capabilities against wood-decaying fungi. Antifungal bioactivity of fractions and some of their combinations were screened on agar-plates against the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. Addition of TMP-T fractions showed a significant fungal growth rate reduction, while mixtures indicated the presence of synergistic and antagonistic effects. One fraction, obtained after distilling 1 L TMP-T at 111–177 °C at 0.5 mbar, showed complete growth inhibition of Antrodia sinuosa, Serpula lacrymans, Serpula himantioides and significant inhibition of Antrodia serialis, Antrodia xantha, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Heterobasidion parviporum at a concentration of 1000 ppm. This fraction was further examined for long- and medium-term effects on wood decay in microcosm soil-jar and field experiment, respectively. The known antifungal compounds benzisothiazolinone, 2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 3-iodo-2-propynyl N-butylcarbamate and two commercial wood preservatives were used as reference treatments. Commercial preservatives instilled long-term efficacy against C. puteana wood decay in a soil-jar microcosm experiment, but no noticeable protection with antifungal compounds or the present treatments was found. However, a moderate effect by the TMP-T fraction from the in vitro assay was observed and the TMP-turpentine distillation residue showed a similar fungal inhibition effect to the most potent commercial treatment after 29 months in the field.
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12044.
  • Ljunggren, Joel (författare)
  • Some Approaches to Eco-Friendly Products from Natural Matrices
  • 2020
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Since the onset of the industrial and chemical revolution, humans have caused immense damages to the surrounding flora and fauna. Effective methods for wood protection measures proved to be toxic; fossil fuels contribute to global warming and pesticides can be detected in the air, water, and soil. It is abundantly clear that efforts to find eco-friendly products are needed, while simultaneously providing the necessary incentives for sustainable worldwide development. Using renewable resources play a critical role in this shift towards circular economies.Wood has long been used as a renewable resource in high demand, but its susceptibility to attack by wood-decaying fungi mean that most European woods need to be protected against these fungi before outdoor use. We showed that fractionating turpentine, a pulp and paper mill by-product, increased antifungal efficacy by concentrating bioactive oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Based on this result, recombinations of the fractions were shown to exhibit synergistic effects that enable a more efficient product utilisation. In addition, this approach enabled putative identifications of previously unknown Picea abies turpentine constituents present at low levels.For a carbon-neutral society, production of biofuels using oleaginous yeast to convert lignocellulosic biomass into fuel has been hailed as a next-generation source of bioenergy. However, lignocellulose biofuel production by microorganisms is not straightforward and one challenge is the formation of microbe-toxic monomers, such as vanillin, during lignin degradation. The oleaginous yeast Cystobasidium laryngis and other potential oil-producing yeasts were screened for their viability and vanillin biotransformation capabilities. To this end, a mass chromatographic peak extraction tool termed TMATE was developed. Vanillyl alcohol was found to be the main product following vanillin degradation.The detrimental health and ecological effects of pesticides highlight the urgency for alternative crop protection measures, such as biological insect control and semiochemicals. In this regard, we present an essential step towards understanding the varied chemical ecology of microbe-insect interactions. Our methodology and findings provide cues with high information value that can be used to develop well-informed and potentially sustainable pest management regimes by, for example, the push-pull methodology using live yeasts.
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12045.
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12046.
  • Ljunggren, Lars (författare)
  • Growth response of pikeperch larvae in relation to body size and zooplankton abundance
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Journal of Fish Biology. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 60:2, s. 405-414
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The most critical period at onset of feeding in pikeperch Stizostedion luc\ioperca is short (<5 days at 20degreesC). The larvae are sensitive to prey density during the first week of exogenous feeding. First-feeding larvae of 6.5 mm total length (L-T) needed prey densities of >585 prey l(-1) to maintain mass (C-maint), whereas 5 days older larvae of 7 mm L-T C-maint=55 prey l(-1) and for 11 mm L-T larvae C-maint <10 prey l(-1). Changes in specific growth rates for larvae of 7 and 11 mm were similar to a type-II functional response curve reaching a specific growth rate of 26 and 30% day(-1), respectively, at 1000 prey l(-1), whereas the 6.5 mm larvae showed a linear growth response reaching a specific growth rate of only 9% day(-1) at 1000 prey l(-1). The results suggest that prey density is a limiting factor, which might contribute to the high variation between year-class strengths.
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12047.
  • Ljunggren, L, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of visual conditions on foraging and growth of juvenile fishes with dissimilar sensory physiology
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 70:5, s. 1319-1334
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The influence of turbidity on foraging and growth of young-of-the-year (YOY) of two percid species with relatively dissimilar sensory physiology, perch Perca fluviatilis and pikeperch Sander lucioperca was tested. A littoral mysid, Neomysis integer, was used as prey. Functional response was investigated indoors at two levels of turbidity, 3 NTU (clear) and 25 NTU (turbid). Growth and consumption rate were studied both during day and night in outdoor experiments at similar turbidity levels. Pikeperch were not affected by turbid conditions in either of the experiments. Foraging of perch, on the other hand, was significantly negatively affected by higher turbidity in the functional response experiments and during the night-time in the outdoor experiments. As opposed to pikeperch, consumption rates of perch decreased markedly during nights. Perch also grew more slowly in the treatments with turbid water. The dissimilar reactions of the two species indicate that sensory physiological adaptations and foraging behaviour are important factors that partly can explain disparate reactions of YOY fishes to the level of turbidity.
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12048.
  • Ljunggren, L, et al. (författare)
  • Weaning of juvenile pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)) and perch (Perca fluviatilis (L.)) to formulated feed.
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Aquaculture Research. - 1355-557X. ; 34:4, s. 281-287
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Weaning success of pond-cultured pikeperch and wild-caught perch (mean length 51 and 48 mm respectively) was evaluated using different weaning techniques and different formulated feeds. Juveniles that were fed formulated feed grew as well as or better than juveniles that were weaned successively using zooplankton or yolk. Four different formulated feeds (agglomerated marine larvae feed, marine larvae feed, trout feed and a semi-moist feed) were evaluated regarding specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor and a subjective stomach fullness estimate. The agglomerated marine larvae feed gave significantly better weaning performance than the other feeds regarding all parameters (SGR = 7.3% day(-1) and 3.4% day(-1) for pikeperch and perch respectively).
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12049.
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12050.
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