| 1. |
- Hyvonen, R., et al.
(author)
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The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review
- 2007
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In: New Phytologist. - Cambridge : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 173:3, s. 463-480
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Temperate and boreal forest ecosystems contain a large part of the carbon stored on land, in the form of both biomass and soil organic matter. Increasing atmospheric [CO2], increasing temperature, elevated nitrogen deposition and intensified management will change this C store. Well documented single-factor responses of net primary production are: higher photosynthetic rate (the main [CO2] response); increasing length of growing season (the main temperature response); and higher leaf-area index (the main N deposition and partly [CO2] response). Soil organic matter will increase with increasing litter input, although priming may decrease the soil C stock initially, but litter quality effects should be minimal (response to [CO2], N deposition, and temperature); will decrease because of increasing temperature; and will increase because of retardation of decomposition with N deposition, although the rate of decomposition of high-quality litter can be increased and that of low-quality litter decreased. Single-factor responses can be misleading because of interactions between factors, in particular those between N and other factors, and indirect effects such as increased N availability from temperature-induced decomposition. In the long term the strength of feedbacks, for example the increasing demand for N from increased growth, will dominate over short-term responses to single factors. However, management has considerable potential for controlling the C store.
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| 2. |
- van Hees, Patrick A. W., et al.
(author)
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Re-cycling of Remediated Soil in Sweden : An Environmental Advantage?
- 2008
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In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 52:12, s. 1349-1361
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The disposal of soil material after ex-situ treatment of contaminated soil is an issue of growing concern. The handling and use of this material are surrounded by numerous regulatory, economic, technical and societal aspects that complicate or hinder recycling. As a consequence, the lack of means of recovery can in the long term bias the whole remedial process. In addition, it can affect the competition between various treatment options such as ex-situ, and in-situ techniques and landfilling. At the same time the materials must not have any negative environmental impacts, and their usage must be compatible with existing risk assessment and management frameworks regarding contaminated land. Other concerns such as a possible distinction against “lightly” contaminated materials, waste status and public acceptance add to the complexity. This paper focuses on Swedish conditions, but does also provide an outlook concerning EU regulation. A summary of leaching and batch tests employed for re-use of soil and waste is presented as well as an overview of the eco-toxicological aspects of treated materials. The main conclusion is that re-cycling of treated soil is desirable from numerous aspects, but has to go along an adequate risk assessment.
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| 3. |
- Monks, P. S., et al.
(author)
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Atmospheric composition change : global and regional air quality
- 2009
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 43:33, s. 5268-5350
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from the local to the global with handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. Air quality has manifold effects on health, ecosystems heritage and, climate. In this review the state of scientific understanding in relation to global and regional air quality is outlined. The review discusses air quality, in terms of emissions, processing and transport of trace gases and aerosols. New insights into the characterization of both natural and anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking at both natural (e.g. dust and lightning) as well as plant emissions. Trends in anthropogenic emissions both by region and globally are discussed as well as biomass burning emissions. In terms of chemical processing the major air quality elements of ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and aerosols are covered. A number of topics are presented as a way of integrating the process view into the atmospheric context; these include the atmospheric oxidation efficiency, halogen and HOx chemistry, nighttime chemistry, tropical chemistry, heat waves, megacities, biomass burning and the regional hot spot of the Mediterranean. New findings with respect to the transport of pollutants across the scales are discussed, in particular the move to quantify the impact of long-range transport on regional air quality. Gaps and research questions that remain intractable are identified. The review concludes with a focus of research and policy questions for the coming decade. In particular, the policy challenges for concerted air quality and climate change policy (co-benefit) are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Powell, Kipton J., et al.
(author)
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Chemical speciation of environmentally significant metals with inorganic ligands Part 2: The Cu2+-OH-, Cl-, CO32-, SO42-, and PO43- systems (IUPAC Technical Report)
- 2007
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In: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 79:5, s. 895-950
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Complex formation between CuII and the common environmental ligands Cl-, OH-, CO32-, SO42-, and PO43- can have a significant effect on CuII speciation in natural waters with low concentrations of organic matter. Copper(II) complexes are labile, so the CuII distribution amongst these inorganic ligands can be estimated by numerical modeling if reliable values for the relevant stability (formation) constants are available. This paper provides a critical review of such constants and related thermodynamic data. It recommends values of log10βp,q,r° valid at Im = 0 mol kg-1 and 25 °C (298.15 K), along with the equations and specific ion interaction coefficients required to calculate log10βp,q,r values at higher ionic strengths. Some values for reaction enthalpies, ΔrHm, are also reported where available. In weakly acidic fresh water systems, in the absence of organic ligands, CuII speciation is dominated by the species Cu2+(aq), with CuSO4(aq) as a minor species. In seawater, it is dominated by CuCO3(aq), with Cu(OH)+, Cu2+(aq), CuCl+, Cu(CO3)OH-, Cu(OH)2(aq), and Cu(CO3)22- as minor species. In weakly acidic saline systems, it is dominated by Cu2+(aq) and CuCl+, with CuSO4(aq) and CuCl2(aq) as minor species.
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| 5. |
- Zielinski, Oliver, et al.
(author)
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Detecting marine hazardous substances and organisms: sensors for pollutants, toxins, and pathogens
- 2009
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In: Ocean Science. - 1812-0784. ; 5:3, s. 329-349
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Marine environments are influenced by a wide diversity of anthropogenic and natural substances and organisms that may have adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Real-time measurements of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens across a range of spatial scales are required to adequately monitor these hazards, manage the consequences, and to understand the processes governing their magnitude and distribution. Significant technological advancements have been made in recent years for the detection and analysis of such marine hazards. In particular, sensors deployed on a variety of mobile and fixed-point observing platforms provide a valuable means to assess hazards. In this review, we present state-of-the-art of sensor technology for the detection of harmful substances and organisms in the ocean. Sensors are classified by their adaptability to various platforms, addressing large, intermediate, or small areal scales. Current gaps and future demands are identified with an indication of the urgent need for new sensors to detect marine hazards at all scales in autonomous real-time mode. Progress in sensor technology is expected to depend on the development of small-scale sensor technologies with a high sensitivity and specificity towards target analytes or organisms. However, deployable systems must comply with platform requirements as these interconnect the three areal scales. Future developments will include the integration of existing methods into complex and operational sensing systems for a comprehensive strategy for long-term monitoring. The combination of sensor techniques on all scales will remain crucial for the demand of large spatial and temporal coverage.
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| 6. |
- Talbot, Christopher J., et al.
(author)
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Potash in a salt mushroom at Hormoz Island, Hormoz Strait, Iran
- 2009
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In: Ore Geology Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-1368 .- 1872-7360. ; 35:3-4, s. 317-332
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing volumes of potash are currently being discovered in a cluster of diapirs of Hormoz (formerly Hormuz) salt near Bandar Abbas, Iran. Most of the potash beds studied so far occur in complex recumbent folds in a salt mountain that would be difficult to exploit safely. However, Holocene marine erosion removed any salt mountains from a sub-group of near-shore Zagros diapirs and exposed their deeper structural levels. Even though these diapirs are still active, their potash deposits are likely more tractable to safe exploitation than in a salt mountain - as we make clear here for Hormoz Island. Geochemical surveys on Hormoz Island reveal two separate potash anomalies that are valuable pseudostratigraphic markers. Integrating field measurements of the attitudes of bedding with lineaments on air photos suggests that Hormoz Island consists of a mature bell- or plume-shaped mushroom diapir with potash beds wound around a toroidal axis of rotation near current exposure levels. 2D numerical models simulate the salt mushroom on Hormoz Island and its internal circulation. They also suggest that the diapir has a wide overhand above a narrow stem in this gas-rich region. We use the mushroom diapir model to outline a regional exploration strategy that has the potential of influencing the world potash market thereafter.
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| 7. |
- Talbot, Christopher J., et al.
(author)
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Potash in salt extruded at Sar Pohl diapir, Southern Iran
- 2009
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In: Ore Geology Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-1368 .- 1872-7360. ; 35:3-4, s. 352-366
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent progress in the search for potassium salts in Iran is outlined. After reviewing how most potassium ores form by the evaporation of seawater +/- hydrothermal brines, we focus on how most ores are deformed within salt diapirs. We summarise the history of the 150 or so diapirs of Hormoz salt emergent in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and then consider in detail the nature of potash at Sar Pohl, 60 km west of Bandar Abbas. These deposits are unique in that they occur in salt that extruded sub-aerially and spread over the surrounding ground surface via gravity-driven collapse. Mapping and drilling of the complex structural geology of Sar Pohl found the potash beds to be dispersed in distal salt but concentrated in piles of recumbent folds with axes circumferential to the mountain over lows in the vent rim. Equivalents of the curtain folds surviving in the stems of German diapirs presumably still exist beneath Sar Pohl and would be safer to mine than the recumbent folds in this soluble mountain. However, it should be possible to continuously pump water onto the exposed salt and guide the resulting brines through evaporation ponds and then a crystallization plant on the adjacent plains. This approach would accelerate natural degradation processes but harvest potash currently draining into the gulf.
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| 8. |
- Talbot, Chris, et al.
(author)
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Subaerial salt extrusions in Iran as analogues of ice sheets, streams and glaciers
- 2009
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In: Earth-Science Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0012-8252 .- 1872-6828. ; 97:1-4, s. 155-183
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ice (H20) and salt (halite, NaCl) share many physical properties and resemble each other in hand specimens and subaerial gravity-driven flows. However, while most significant bodies of ice accumulate in cold highlands and gravity-spread where and soon after they form, most significant bodies of salt accumulate in tropical marine basins and have to be buried by > 1 km of other rocks before they flow. Buried salt is driven by differential loading into various categories of piercing structures known as diapirs. Many diapirs extrude onto the surface as sheets of allochthonous (out of place) salt. Thousands of sheets of allochthonous salt have been interpreted in over 35 basins worldwide in the last 25 years, mainly in the toes of passive continental margins and in orogenic belts where some are > 103 km2 in area. Most former salt sheets are now submarine or subsurface but several active examples are beautifully exposed in Iran. These were compared to ice glaciers soon after they were introduced to western science, a comparison that has been neglected since. Here we update this analogy and use modern understanding of flowing ice and salt to examine the similarities and differences that might be mutually beneficial to both fields of study as well as to extraterrestrial scientists.The profiles, internal structures and fabrics in flowing bodies of ice and salt are sensitive gauges of the histories of their budgets of supply and loss. However, whereas snow merely compacts where it accumulates, salt sheets are fed from below by already deformed salt. When salt diapirs first emerge on land they extrude domes that mature to the profiles of viscous fountains that often feed glacier-like flows known as namakiers. After locally exhausting their deep source layers, salt fountains spread to the profiles of viscous droplets normal for ice caps.Ice typically deforms at > 80% (usually > 90%) of its absolute melting temperature while most salt deforms at < 50% of its homologous temperature; as a result, grain shape fabrics in salt are clearer and have longer strain memories than in ice. Foliations in deformed salt map streamlines aid in the understanding of how internal folds develop. Salt sheets seldom erode their channels like flowing ice and internal debris accumulates on their tops rather than their bases. An ice sheet floats on water but as salt is twice the density of ice; rain that falls onto the top surface of namakiers tends to stay there. Both glaciers and namakiers surge but the association between surges and changes in boundary conditions are much clearer for namakiers than glaciers. Because the rate of delivery of land ice to the oceans is such an important control on sea level, we end by considering how the implications of surging salt converge on recent glaciological findings about changes in boundary conditions other than their bases.
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