| 1. |
- Boman, Johan, 1955
(author)
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Analysis of urban aerosol paricles by XRF
- 2009
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In: Spectroscopy Europe. - 0966-0941. ; 21:6, s. 11-14
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Urban pollution is a significant problem throughout the world. analysis of aerosol particles can give important information on theri origin, leading to better control measures. Trace element analysis of urban aerosol particles using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is described in this article.
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| 2. |
- Gatari, Michael J, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of inorganic content of PM(2.5) particles sampled in a rural area north-east of Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 2006
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In: The Science of the total environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 368:2-3, s. 675-85
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Atmospheric aerosols from seven rural sites in northern Vietnam, east of Hanoi, were sampled and analyzed. The aim of the study was to evaluate trace elemental and black carbon (BC) concentrations in fine particles (PM(2.5)) and to investigate the influence of the Pha Lai power plant and other pollution sources on regional air quality. Seven measurement stations were set up at selected rural sites and a campaign consisting of 12 two-day measurement periods was conducted from the end of May until the end of October 2000. At each location a pair of samplers was installed consisting of a cyclone loaded with Teflon filters and a modified Millipore air monitoring cartridge loaded with glass fibre filters. The obtained samples were analyzed for trace elements by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), while a black smoke detector was used for BC analysis. Seventeen trace elements were analyzed; Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, Ti, V and Zn and their concentrations evaluated. The results showed that BC, Ca, Cl, Fe, K and S dominated in the sampled atmospheric aerosols. The measured concentrations of the potentially hazardous trace elements Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb were all below the limits defined by Vietnamese standards of ambient air quality. Statistical evaluations indicated that coal and heavy fuel oil combustion were major sources of atmospheric pollutants in the area and that biomass burning and road transport had a marked influence on regional air quality. It was concluded that the Pha Lai power plant was the major source of coal combustion emissions. Trace element emissions originating from river transportation were suggested as another major source of atmospheric pollutants. The results indicate that the elemental concentrations in PM(2.5) are strongly influenced by seasonal variations. Further measurements are required to identify the impact of long-range transported continental air masses on the air quality of the investigated rural area.
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| 3. |
- Gatari, Michael J, et al.
(author)
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Elemental composition of tropospheric aerosols in Hanoi, Vietnam and Nairobi, Kenya.
- 2005
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In: The Science of the total environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 341:1-3, s. 241-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Air pollution problems in major cities within the developing countries need to be studied. There are scanty measurements from the developing countries on airborne particles despite their adverse implications to human health, visibility and climate. One of the major sources of anthropogenic air pollution is energy production. Energy demand is bound to increase as population increases, especially in major cities of the world. Fine particles, particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm, are mainly anthropogenic and these particles were collected in the capital cities of Vietnam and Kenya. A cyclone airborne particle collector was used to sample in Hanoi during the months of May to October 2000 and a dichotomous virtual impactor in Nairobi in February 2000. The samples were analysed for elemental content by an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. S, Cl, K and Fe exceeded atmospheric concentrations of 100 ng m(-3) at both cities. Atmospheric elemental concentrations in both Hanoi and Nairobi were orders of magnitude higher than their respective rural towns. Traffic, biomass and waste burning emissions were implicated as the main sources of air pollution in Nairobi, while coal combustion and road transport were the major sources in Hanoi. Regional air pollution had a major impact over Hanoi, whereas an influence of that kind was not identified in Nairobi. Pb and other toxic elements had concentration levels below WHO guideline, however, the two cities are threatened by future high levels of air pollution due to the high rate of population growth. Long-term measurements are required in both areas to evaluate if the alarming situation is deteriorating.
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| 4. |
- Lewerissa, Karina Bianca, et al.
(author)
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Study of trace elements and soot in aerosols from a coal-fired power plant in northern Vietnam.
- 2007
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In: Environmental monitoring and assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-6369 .- 1573-2959. ; 130:1-3, s. 301-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two measurement campaigns were conducted in two sampling sites, An Thinh and Duy Minh, in northern Vietnam during the months of November-December 2000 and November 2001-February 2002 in order to investigate the extend of the particulate air pollution from the Pha Lai coal fired power plant. Fine particle samples were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry and soot samples were analyzed by reflectometer. The result showed that high concentration of soot and elements mostly coincided with the air masses originating from the power plant. Sea spray aerosol was found to be the major source of chlorine at both sites. Ratios of specific elements and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that coal combustion was the main contributor to the air pollution at both sites. PCA also indicated that there were other sources responsible for the elements emission, probably the influence of long distance transport and Asian Brown Cloud.
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| 5. |
- Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population.
- 2006
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In: Journal of environmental monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325. ; 8:5, s. 543-51
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of PM(2.5) and PM(1) were measured simultaneously in Göteborg, Sweden. A total of 270 24 hour samples from 30 subjects were analyzed for elemental concentrations using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Personal exposures to PM(2.5) were significantly higher for Cl, Ca, Ti, and Fe compared with the other locations. For most elements, residential outdoor levels were significantly higher than urban background levels. Correlations between personal exposure and stationary measurements were moderate to high for Zn, Br, and Pb (r(s)= 0.47-0.81), while Ca and Cu showed low correlations. The penetration indoors from outdoors was 0.7, as calculated from S and Pb ratios. For the pairs of parallel PM(1) and PM(2.5) measurements, only Ca and Fe levels were significantly lower for PM(1) at all sites. Significant correlations were found between urban background mass concentrations and personal exposure levels for elements attributed to combustion processes (S, V, and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe, and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant to health effects related to urban background mass. Air mass origin strongly affected the measured urban background concentrations of some elements (S, Cl, V, Ni, Br, and Pb). These findings were also seen for personal exposure (S, Cl, V, and Pb) and indoor levels (S, Cl, V, Ni, and Pb). No differences were seen for crustal elements. Air mass origin should be taken into account in the description and interpretation of time series studies of air pollution and health.
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