| 30951. |
|
|
| 30952. |
- Martynovich, Mikhail
(författare)
-
General purpose technology diffusion and labour market dynamics : A spatio-temporal perspective
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation aims at advancing the knowledge about the role of the labour market in the process of the technology-induced economic transformation, taking into account the variety of factors involved at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of the economy and at different geographical scales. Empirically, the dissertation investigates the co-evolutionary dynamics of industrial restructuring and worker reallocation across and within regional labour markets induced by the diffusion of the information technology as a general purpose technology (GPT) in Sweden in the period between 1985 and 2010.The analytical framework employed in the dissertation combines the theoretical perspectives on the long-term economic development with the insights from the labour market studies on the dual role of the labour market in the process of technology-induced structural change. These two strands of research are integrated into the evolutionary model of economic change that links explicitly the microlevel processes of response to GPT-induced transformation pressures to the macro-level determinants and outcomes of these processes.The findings of this dissertation indicate that the dynamics of technological change as well as its implications for functioning of regional labour markets should be approached through the prism of technology diffusion process which unfolds in time and space. To be able to understand the technology diffusion process one should address four intertwined questions: what kind of technology is diffused, how it is diffused, when it is diffused as well as where it is diffused at different points in time.Also, the dissertation suggests that the role of the labour market in the technology-induced transformation is far from the smoothly operating mechanism of adjustment to economy-wide economic shocks, as it is often assumed in mainstream approaches to economic theorising. In that respect, the dissertation provides a reference point for studies of labour market evolution beyond the standard equilibrium approach.
|
|
| 30953. |
- Martynovich, Mikhail, et al.
(författare)
-
LABOUR FORCE BUILDING IN A RAPIDLY EXPANDING SECTOR
- 2016
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper attempts at developing an approach integrating industry dynamics with its labour force evolution by analysing inflows of labour into rapidly expanding knowledge intensive IT services sector in Sweden between 1991 and 2010. To analyse how requirements on incoming labour and the value put on different skills changed during this process, we look at entry conditions and post-entry performance of workers in the sector. Even though the IT sector was rather turbulent over the considered time period, the expectations, requirements and valuations for skills of new entrants into the sector consolidated fairly early. Industry evolution is reflected not so much in how employers value the skills of inflowing individuals over time, but change in who the industry hires over time. Most notably, higher education becomes an increasingly important entry ticket. Complementary to this finding is the striking importance of workers educated with a main profile in the social sciences. We also find strong evidence that an increasingly specialised labour market is growing around the industry, in related sectors, and that the collapse of the dot-com bubble played a particularly pronounced role for sectoral consolidation and restructuring. Overall, the paper suggests that analysis of inflowing labour could be used as one indicator of how new, and dynamic, industries actually are.
|
|
| 30954. |
- Martynovich, Mikhail
(författare)
-
Mobility and Entrepreneurship: Finding Value in Geographic Diversity
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Contemporary entrepreneurial research has experienced the shift from examining various characteristics of (nascent) entrepreneurs to investigating career pathways that lead to entrepreneurship. The proposed paper develops the analytical framework which complements this career perspective on entrepreneurship with the economic geography perspective on spatial mobility as a knowledge accumulation mechanism. The particular aim of the paper is to conceptualize the role of career trajectories of individuals in regulating their propensity for entrepreneurship as well as the performance and societal impact of firms that they initiate.It is claimed that individuals draw on the experience and knowledge established in different firms and places over their entire career; and these condition the organization of activities that individuals initiate with their businesses. Broad spatial biographies expose individuals to learning opportunities across a variety of geographic settings, improves their ability to communicate effectively across various knowledge domains, and reduces limitations associated with bounded rationality. This provides individuals with learning opportunities that are not accessible through other forms of mobility – such as occupational progression or switching jobs across firms within the same location. In that respect, learning through geographical mobility may have a positive impact on individuals’ ability to recognize and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities – that may not be recognized locally – in different regional markets. It is, therefore, hypothesized that a broad history of spatial relocation positively affects individuals’ propensity for entrepreneurship as well as post-entry performance and societal impact of their firms.
|
|
| 30955. |
- Martynovich, Mikhail, et al.
(författare)
-
Related variety, recombinant knowledge and regional innovation. Evidence for Sweden, 1991-2010
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study investigates how related variety in the regional employment mix affects the innovation output of a region. Departing from the idea of recombinant innovation, previous research has arguedthat related variety enhances regional innovation as inter-industry knowledge spillovers occur more easily between different but cognitively similar industries. This study combines a novel dataset and related variety measures based on network theory, which allows a more nuanced perspective on the relationship between related variety and regional innovation.The principal novelty of the paper lies in employing new data on product innovations commercialised by Swedish manufacturing firms between 1970 and 2013. In this respect, it allows a direct measure of regionalinnovation output as compared to patent measures, usually employed in similar studies. The second contribution of this paper is that we employ network-topologybased measuresof related variety that allowus to measure relatedness as the recombination rather than direct flow of knowledge. We argue that this measure comes closer to the notion of innovation as spurred by recombination and show that this measure is a superior predictor of innovation activity.
|
|
| 30956. |
|
|
| 30957. |
|
|
| 30958. |
- Marucci, Mariagrazia
(författare)
-
Characterization of the Mechanisms of Drug Release from Polymer-Coated Formulations using Experiments and Modelling
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objectives of the work presented in this thesis were to develop new experimental methods to improve the understanding of the release mechanism from a coated formulation and to develop new mechanistic models to describe the release process for pellets coated with a semi-permeable film. Another aim was to characterize the release mechanism from a formulation coated with films made of a blend of a water-insoluble polymer, ethyl cellulose (EC), and a water-soluble polymer, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The work dealt with free films intended for coating and with coated multiple-unit systems. Two methodologies were mainly used in the study of free films. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry made it possible to discriminate between a semi-permeable and a permeable film. For a permeable film, the effective diffusion coefficient of a drug in the film was determined. A new release cell equipped with a manometer was developed. The combination of pressure and release data made it possible to easily and accurately characterize the release mechanism, to discriminate between semi-permeable and permeable films, and to detect changes in the structure of the film and in the release mechanism during the release. A mechanistic model describing the lag phase of pellets coated with a semi-permeable film undergoing cracking due to hydrostatic pressure build-up was developed. The model was validated against experimentally determined whole-dose release profiles of pellets coated with an EC-based film. The model showed that a small variation in the film thickness has a significant influence on the lag time. A mechanistic model to describe the osmotic pumping release from pellets coated with a semi-permeable film containing water-filled channels was also developed. The model was validated by comparison with experimentally determined release profiles of single pellets coated with a film made of EC and HPC. Via model simulation it was found that the concentration profile in the channels was almost constant. The HPC content of EC/HPC films affects the amount of HPC leached out of the films, and thus the release mechanism. The release mechanism changed from osmotic pumping to diffusion as the amount of HPC increased. When release occurs by diffusion, the effective diffusion coefficient of a drug in the coating is not constant but increases significantly during the release process as a consequence of HPC leaching.
|
|
| 30959. |
- Marungruang, Nittaya
(författare)
-
Gut microbiota to counteract metabolic disorders and neuroinflammation : Impact of dietary factors and their potential to prevent Alzheimer’s disease
- 2018
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Increased accumulations of senile plaques and tangles are the known neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, the exact triggers for such protein accumulations, leading to cognitive impairment and important morphological alteration in AD, are still elusive. Ageing and genetic risk factors do not completely explain the global increase in the AD prevalence. Different environmental risk factors, including lifestyle and diet, as well as cluster risk factors of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been identified to influence the progression of the disease. Emerging evidence has suggested the important role of the commensal gut microbiota in brain development and function, affecting development of brain-related disorders. Hence, understanding the impact that gut microbiota may have on the risk factors for AD may provide possible preventive or therapeutic strategies for such neurodegenerative disease.Studies included in this thesis aimed to evaluate whether the gut microbiota may have influences on AD risk factors and how a healthy gut microbiota, amending gut-brain interaction, may be composed. The shifts of gut microbiota upon dietary changes, and their relation to neurodegenerative and metabolic disturbances in rodents and humans were investigated.The results showed that a mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis (APPPS1) displayed a distinct gut microbiota profile, as compared to that of healthy wild-type (WT) mice. Absence of the gut microbiota (germ-free, GF) in APPPS1 mice resulted in reduction of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition. Colonization of GF mice with the gut microbiota from APPPS1 mice resulted in increased Aβ pathology, relative to that seen with colonization of WT microbiota. Increased influx of inflammatory components seemed to be associated with Aβ pathology. A study in a neonatal rat model showed that dietary disturbances before weaning period affected the normal establishment of the gut microbiota, as well as gut barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions. Such disruption of a normal establishment of the gut microbiota early in life may have potential long-term adverse consequences. In human adults, whose gut microbial community has already established, a short-term dietary intervention with a multifunctional diet (MFD), including several active ingredients that may serve as substrates for the gut microbiota, seemed to be insufficient to produce a broad switch in the gut microbiota composition. Yet specific gut microbial genera that associated with the positive impact of the diet were identified. Studies in apolipoprotien E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice showed that high-fat (HF) feedings with inclusion of dietary fibres from lingonberries (Vaccinium vítis-idaéa) affect the gut microbiota, associated with the lingonberries’ positive effects to counteract the impaired metabolic functions induced by HF diets. Inclusion of lingonberries also decreased levels of gut- and neuro-inflammation and increased synaptic density in the hippocampus of mice fed HF diets.The results of these studies suggest that the gut microbiota may be involved in the progression of AD by triggering systemic inflammatory responses. Chronic inflammation and ageing have been shown to increase vulnerability of the BBB. Inclusion of lingonberries in HF diets counteracted negative effects of the HF diets on metabolic and neuroinflammatory markers. Therefore, lingonberries may be included as a part of a functional diet to target specific gut microbiota associated with improved risk factors for developing AD or even other neurogenerative diseases.
|
|
| 30960. |
- Mascaro, Joakim
(författare)
-
Aurea Norma
- 1998
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was mainly to find out the conditions under which a modernisation of the standardisation process could realistically take place, in order to allow the inclusion of parameters that are currently ignored. The necessary balance between private interests and public good issues, and the need to take into the discussions leading to the adoption of standards, their generally heavy socio-economic consequences, are especially taken into consideration. The research is based on the consequences drawn from direct participation in the standardisation process, mainly in Brussels, but the broad scope chosen allows for not more than a very general discussion on the ways new stake-holders could participate, within the frame of a new institutional setting, in order to allow it to include social, political, cultural and ethical dimensions, considered today crucial.
|
|
